M59b 


► 


THE 


BUILDING  CODE 


OF  THE 


TOWN  OF 

MILFORD,  CONN. 

1918 


ARCHITECTS’ 


AND 


BUILDERS’  GUIDE 


THE 


BUILDING  CODE 

OF  THE 

TOWN  OF 

MILFORD,  CONN. 

T • / 


1918 


ARCHITECTS’ 


AND 

BUILDERS’  GUIDE 


2 


AN  ORDINANCE 

ENTITLED  ‘ THE  BUILDING  CODE  OF  THE 
TOWN  OF  MILFORD,  CONN.” 


Be  it  Ordained  by  the  Selectmen  of  the  Town  of  Milford : 


CHAPTER  I. 


ADMINISTRATION  AND  SUPER- 
VISION. 

Name 

Section  i.  The  name  and  title  of 
this  ordinance  shall  be  "THE 
BUILDING  CODE/’  and  it  shall  be 
known  and  cited  as  such. 

Liberally  Construed 

Sec.  2.  The  Building  Code  is 
hereby  declared  to  be  a remedial  ordi- 
nance and  shall  be  liberally  con- 
strued, so  as  to  secure  the  beneficial 
interests  and  purposes  intended,  and 
shall  apply  to  all  parts  of  the  Town. 

The  Rules  of  the  Code  shall  be 
applied  -to  gas  appliances  only  where 
gas  is  specifically  designated. 


Object  and  Sco^e 
See.  3.  The  object  and  scope  of 
Ibis  ordinance  are  the  governing  and 
regulating  of  the  construction  and 
erection,  remodelling,  alteration,  re- 
pairing, moving  and  removal,  and 
securing  of  buildings  of  any  descrip- 
tion in  the  Town  of  Milford,  and  pro- 
viding for  the  safety  of  buildings, 
and  the  safe  use  of  them,  and  provid- 
ing for  all  other  matters  pertaining 
to  buildings  and  building  operations 
in  said  Town. 

Sec.  4.  It  shall  be  unlawful  and 
subject  to  the  penalties  hereinafter 
provided  for  any  person,  persons, 
tfrm,  or  corporation  to  construct, 
erect,  repair,  alter,  add  to,  move  or 
memove  any  building  or  portion  there- 
of, or  to  carry  on  any  building  opera- 
tions in  the  Town  of  Milford,  Con- 
tieut,  except  in  compliance  with 
terms  and  provisions  of  this 
a. 


POWERS  AND  DUTIES  OF  BUILD- 
ING INSPECTOR 

Order  Work  Stopped — Render  Build- 
ing Safe 

Sec.  5.  The  Building  Inspector 
shall  have  the  authority  to  stop  the 
eonstruction  of  any  building,  or  the 
making  of  any  alterations  or  repairs 
of  any  building,  within  said  Town, 
when  the  same  is  being  done  in  a 
reckless  or  careless  manner,  or  in 
violation  of  this  Code  or  any  ordi- 
nance of  said  Town,  and  to  order,  in 
writing,  or  parole,  any  and  all  per- 
sons in  any  way  or  manner  whatever 
engaged  in  so  constructing,  altering, 
or  repairing  any  such  building,  to 
stop  and  desist  therefrom;  and  to 
have  the  authority,  if  he  find  any 
building  or  part  thereof  in  an  unsafe 
condition,  and  so  that  said  unsafe 
condition  may  be  averted  by  the  im- 
mediate application  of  precautionary 
measures,  to  cause  such  precaution- 
ary measures  to  be  taken,  and  aH 
work  necessary  to  render  said  build- 
ing or  any  part  thereof  safe  to  be 
done  after  having  served  written  no- 
tice upon  the  owner,  lessee,  occupant, 
or  agent  of  said  building,  personally. 
Dangerous  Buildings  to  be  Torn 
Down — How  Reported 

The  said  Building  Inspector  shall 
have  authority  to  direct  the  fire  de- 
partment, after  written  notice  ha# 
been  served  upon  the  owner,  lessee, 
occupant,  or  agent  personally,  or 
without  such  notice  if  delay  in  serv- 
ing such  notice  would  in  his  opinion 
imperil  the  public  safety,  to  tear  down 
any  defective  or  dangerous  wait 
stack,  chimney,  or  any  building  or 
any  part  thereof,  or  in  ease  of  tho 
destruction  or  partial  destruction  by 


DIREST 


0> 

0. 


g 


irev  r by  the  action  of  the  elements, 
any  part  of  the  building  left  stand- 
ing, that  is  in  his  opinion  unsafe,  and 
it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Fire  de- 
partment to  execute  said  order  forth- 
with; and  said  Inspector  shall  imme- 
diately after  such  removal  make  re- 
port in  detail  to  the  selectmen,  the 
assessors  of  the  Town  and  the  owner, 
giving  in  detail  the  conditions  neces- 
sary for  such  action;  and  if  the  owner 
©f  such  building  is  a non-resident  of 
the  Town,  a copy  of  such  report  shall 
be  sent  to  his  last  known  address, 
and  a like  copy  served  upon  his 
agent  or  lessee  of  such  premises, 
fixamination  of  Buildings — To  be 

Made  Safe — Inspector  to  do  Work. 

When. — Cost.  How  Paid? 

The  said  Inspector  is  hereby  em- 
powered and  whenever  in  his  judg- 
ment occasion  may  require,  he  shall 
enter  into  and  upon  any  building, 
staging,  other  structure,  or  premises 
for  the  purpose  of  examining  the 
same  in  relation  to  its  proper  ventila- 
tion, sanitation,  and  safety;  afl*d 
may  make  such  orders  in  reference 
thereto  as  to  him  seems  proper  to 
the  fulfillment  of  the  provisions  of 
this  Code;  and  may  make  examina- 
tions of  any  buildings  or  premises  to 
investigate  divergence  from  or  failure 
to  comply  with  the  provisions  of  this 
Code.  And  if  the  owner  or  lessee  of 
such  building,  staging,  or  structure 
shall  fail  or  neglect  to  comply  with 
the  requirements  of  such  orders,  the 
said  Building  Inspector,  upon  the 
written  order  of  the  Board  of  Select- 
men may  enter  upon  such  premises, 
hire  necessary  help,  and  perform  such 
work  as  is  necessary  in  the  judgment 
of  the  Building  Inspector  to  be  imme- 
diately performed,  so  as  to  secure 
public  and  private  safety.  The  ex- 
penses so  incurred  shall  be  a lien  on 
the  property,  and  if  the  same  remain 
unpaid  sixty  days  or  more  after  legal 
notice,  which  shall  be  given  by  the 
Town  Clerk,  that  the  same  is  due,  an 
addition  of  three-quarters  of  one  per 
centum  shall  be  made  to  the  amount 
oi  etch  assessment  or  expense  for 
each  month  the  same  shall  so  remain 
unpaid  after  said  lien  is  filed,  and  the 


•tf 

same  shall  be  collectable  as  a part  of 
such  assessment  or  expense*  and  be 
and  remain  a lien  on  such  property 
in  like  manner  and  subject  to  the 
same  modes  of  enforcement  and  col- 
lection as  the  principal  sum  to  which 
the  same  is  added. 

Plans  to  be  Filed  Before  Commencing 
Operations — To  Show  What? 

Sec.  6.  Before  the  erection,  con- 
struction, or  alteration  of  any  build- 
ing" or  part  thereof,  or  shed,  exten- 
sion, or  piazza  is  commenced,  the 
owner,  architect,  or  builder  shall  file 
with  the  Building  Inspector  a clear 
statement  in  writing  of  the  proposed 
improvement,  building,  or  alteration, 
together  with  a copy  of  the  plans  and 
specifications  of  the  same,  which 
statement  shall  show  the  size  and 
map  of  the  land  upon  which  the 
structure  referred  to  is  to  be  erected 
or  altered,  and  the  distance  of  such 
proposed  erection,  alteration,  or  con- 
struction from  the  street  line  and 
from  adjoining  buildings  on  the 
same  or  adjacent  lands  or  lots,  a 
record  of  which  shall  be  kept  in  the 
office  of  said  Inspector. 

Extending  Beyond  Building  Line 

No  part  of  any  building  shall  ex- 
tend beyond  the  building  line  on  any 
street,  except  bay  windows  and  cor- 
nices above  the  first  story,  and  such 
projection  beyond  the  building  line 
shall  not  exceed  thirty  inches;  pro- 
vided, however,  that  in  no  case  shall 
amy  building  or  part  of  a building 
extend  beyond  the  street  line. 

Permit  to  be  First  Obtained 

And  the  erection,  construction,  or 
alteration  of  such  building  or  part 
thereof,  shed,  extension,  or  piazza, 
shall  not  be  commenced  or  proceeded 
with  until  the  said  owner,  architect, 
or  builder  shall  receive  a certificate 
or  permit  from  said  Inspector,  after 
an  examination  by  the  Building  In*: 
spector  into  such  plans  and  specifica- 
tions. And  after  he  is  satisfied 
that  such  sufficient  means  of  fire  pro- 
tection, ventilation,  sanitation,  and 
general  construction  as  therein  des- 
cribed are  provided  as  are  conducive 
to  safety  and  sanitation,  and  are 
otherwise  as  orovided  in  tftfe  Code. 


he  shall  issue  said  permit.  Said 
plans  and  specifications  shall  remain 
on  file  at  the  office  of  the  Building 
Inspector  for  one  month  after  the 
completion  of  said  building. 

Drawings — Kind  Required 
Sec.  7.  All  plans  and  drawings 
which  are  to  be  filed  with  the  Build- 
ing Inspector,  as  provided  in  this 
Code,  shall  be  drawn  to  a scale  Of 
not  less  than  one-eighth  of  an  inch 
to  the  foot'  on  paper  or  cloth,  in  ink 
of  by  some  process  that  will  not  fade 
or  obliterate.  All  distances  and  di- 
mensions must  be  accurately  figured 
and  drawings  made  explicit  and  com- 
plete, showing  the  sewerage  and 
drain  pipes,  and  location  of  all 
plumbing  ‘fixtures  within  such  build- 
ing. Each  set  of  plans  presented  for 
permit  must  be  accompanied  by  spec- 
ifications describing  all  materials  to 
be  used  in  the  proposed  building,  and 
both  the  plans  and  specifications 
must  be  approved  by  the  Building  In- 
spector before  a permit  is  granted. 
And  no  detail  or  working  drawing  at 
a lesser  scale  than  one-half  inch  to 
one  foot  shall  be  submitted  to  said 
Building  Inspector.  Special  drawings 
to  illustrate  any  particular  point  or 
points  shall  be  furnished  when  re- 
quired. 

Plans,  etc.,  not  to  be  Altered — Alter- 
ations Allowed  When 
Sec.  8.  No  deviation  from  the 
plans  and  specifications  submitted  to 
the  Building  Inspector  which  shall 
affect  the  safety  or  sanitary  condi- 
tions of  the  building,  shall  be  per- 
mitted without  first  securing  a per- 
mit from  the  Building  Inspector. 

Fees  For  Permits 
Sec.  9.  When  the  cost  of  any 
building,  alteration,  or  addition 
thereto,  as  herein  specified,  as  esti- 
mated by  the  Building  Inspector, 
does  not  exceed  the  sum  of  ninety- 
nine  dollars,  there  shall  be  no  fee, 
and  when  the  cost  does  not  exceed 
the  sum  of  five  hundred  dollars,  the 
fee  for  the  permit,  as  provided  in  this 
Code,  shall  be  one  dollar;  when  the 
cost  as  so  estimated  is  between  five 
hundred  dollars  and  two  thousand 
dollars,  two  dollars;  and  when  the 


* cost,  as  so  estimated,  is  in  excess  of 
| two  thousand  dollars,  two  dollars 
| pl us  one  dollar  for  each  one  thousand 
| dollars  or  fraction  thereof  in  excess 
| of  two  thousand  dollars. 

| Permits  Good  for  Six  Months — Period 
Extended  When 

If,  after  a permit  for  the  erection, 

I alteration,  or  repair  of  any  building 
j shall  be  granted,  the  operation  called 

I for*  by  the  said  permit  shall  not*  be 

II  commenced  wUhin  six  months  from 
| the  date  of  said  permit,  a new  permit 
| hall  be  taken  out  by  the  owner  or 
| his  agent,  and  the  fees  herein  fixed 
jn'or  the  original  permit  shall  be  paid 
4 therefor  before  any  work'  on  any 
Ijruch  building  is . carried  on  or  com- 
Imenced;  unless  rthe  commencement  of 
jsuch  work  has  been  delayed  on  ac- 
| count  of  strikes  or  unavoidable  oc- 

Ilcurrence,  of  which  the  Building 
Inspector  shall  be  the  sole  judge. 
Work  Ordered  Stopped  When — Work 
to  be  Suspended  Until  Decision  of 
Board 

Sec.  10.  The  said  Building  Inspec- 
tor shall  have  authority  to  order 
stopped  and  suspended  any  and  all 
work  or  building  operations  of  any 
character  whatsoever,  which  he 
deems  being  done  or  constructed  in  a 
careless,  unsafe  or  unsanitary  man- 
ner; and  if  the  orders  of  said  Inspec- 
tor are  not  obeyed  and  the  work  so 
stopped  or  suspended,  the  contractor, 
foreman,  person,  or  persons  so  dis- 
obeying such  orders  shall  be  liable  to 
arrest,  and  upon  conviction  in  the 
Town  Court  of  said  Town  of  Milford, 
shall  be  fined  not  more  than  fifty 
dollars,  or  imprisoned  in  the  County 
Jail  not  more  than  six  months,  or 
both;'  provided,  however,  that  any 
person  who  deems  himself  aggrieved 
by  such  order  or  orders  of  the  said 
Inspector  shall  have  the  right  of  ap- 
peal to  the  Board  of  Selectmen  for  a 
hearing,  which  hearing  the  said  Se- 
lectmen shall  order  and  hold  within 
at  least  three  days  of  the  service  of 
the  aforesaid  order,  at  which  time 
the  said  Selectmen  shall  hear  the 
parties  in  interest,  inquire  into  the 
facts,  and  render  such  decision  as  to 
them  seems  meet  and  proper;  but, 


pending  such  hearing  and  the  re  udi  - 
tion  of  said  judgment  or  decision,  all 
building  operations  and  work  < oin- 
plained  of  as  aforesaid  shall  be  sus- 
pended and  held  in  abeyance,  under 
the  penalty  hereinabove  provided. 

CHAPTER  H 
DEFINITIONS. 

Sec.  11.  Alteration. — Any  change, 
addition,  or  modification  in- construc- 
tion. 

Sec.  12.  Apartment  House. — A 
building  which  shall  be  designed  for 
or  used  as  a residence  for  three  or 
more  families  or  households,  living 
independently  of  each  other,  with  in- 
dependent plumbing  facilities. 

Sec.  13.  Areas. — Open  sub-surface 
spaces  adjacent  to  a building. 

Sec.  14.  Attic  Story. — A story  sit- 
uated wholly  or  partly  in  the  roof.  ' 

Sec.  15.  Basement.-— A story  suit- 
able for  occupancy,  partly,  but  not 
more  than  one-half,  below  the  grade. 

Sec.  16.  Bay  Window. — A window 
projecting  from  the  outer  face  of  a 
wall. 

Sec.  17.  Building. — Any  structure 
erected  by  art  and  fixed  upon  or  in 
the  soil,  composed  of  several  pieces, 
and  designed  for  use  in  the  position 
in  which  so  fixed. 

Sec.  18.  Building  Line  — S.  line 
beyond  which  property  owners  or 
others  have  no  legal  or  vested  rights 
to  extend  a building  or  any  part 
vnereof,  without  special  permission 
and  approval  of  the  proper  authori- 
ties; ordinarily  a line  of  demarcation 
between  public  and  private  property, 
but  also  applied  to  a building  restric- 
tion line  as  the  same  may  be  estab- 
lished. 

Sec.  19.  Building  Owner. — The 
owner,  agent,  or  trustee  of  the 
building  or  premises  under  considera- 
tion, construction,  alteration,  remov- 
al, repair,  or  effected  under  this 
Oode. 

Sec.  20.  Cellar. — That  portion  of 
a building  not  suitable  for  habitation 
below  the  first  floor  of  joists,  if 
wholly  or  partly  below  the  level  of 
tfae  adjoining  street  or  ground. 

Sec.  21.  Columns. — Isolated,  per- 
p , icular  supports  of  wood,  stone, 


iron,  steel,  or  other  structural  mate- 
rial. 

Sec.  22.  Court. — An  open  unoccu- 
pied space,  other  than  a yard,  on  the 
same  .lot  with  a building.  A court 
not  extending  to  the  street  or  yard 
is  an  Inner  Court;  a court  extending 
to  the  street  or  yard  is  an  Outer 
Court;  if  it  extends  to  the  street  it  is 
a Street  Court;  if  it  extends  to  the 
yard  it  is  a Yard  Court. 

Sec.  23.  Factor  of  Safety. — The 
quotient  obtained  by  dividing  the 
breaking  load  Joy  the  safe  load. 

Sec.  24.  Footings. — The  first 

course  or  courses  laid  at  the  bottom 
of  a foundation  wall  or  pier. 

Sec.  25.  Foundations. — The  low- 
est walls  or  supports  of  a building. 

Sec.  26.  First  Story. — The  story 
the  floor  of  which  is  at  or  first  above 
the  level  of  the  sidewalk  or  adjoin- 
ing ground;  the  other  stories  to,  be 
numbered  in  regular  succession, 
counting  upward. 

Sec.  2 7.  Frame  Building. — A 

building  or  structure  of  which  the  ex- 
terior walls  are  constructed  of  wood. 
Buildings  sheathed  with  boards  and 
partially  or  entirely  veneered  on  the 
outside  with  four  inches  of  brick 
work  or  other  masonry  shall  be 
deemed  frame  buildings.  Wood  frames 
covered  with  metal  shall  be  deemed 
frame  buildings. 

Sec.  2 8.  Grade. — The  surface  of 
the  ground,  court  or  sidewalk  ad- 
joining the  building. 

Sec.  29.  Girder. — A horizontal 
structure  support  which  carries  floor 
beams  or  joists,  or  walls  over  open- 
ings, or  other  loads. 

Sec.  30.  Ground  Floor. — The  floor 
which  is  first  above  and  near  the  level 
of  the  grade. 

Sec.  31.  Hall.— (a)  A Public  Hall 
is  a hall,  corridor,  or  passageway 
used  in  common  by  all  the  occupants 
within  a building. 

(b)  A Stair  Hall  includes  the 
stairs,  stair  landings,  and  those  por- 
tions of  the  public  halls  through 
which  it  is  necessary  to  pass  in  going 
between  the  entrance  floor  and  the 

oof, 

(c)  Assembly  Hall  includes  all 


churches,  convention  halls,  audito- 
riums, exposition  buildings,  music 
kails,  railroad  depots,  or  that  part  of 
any  building  containing  an  assembly 
room  for  a concourse  of  more  than 
one  hundred  people. 

Sec.  32.  Height  of  Building. — The 
perpendicular  distance  from  the  cen- 
ter of  the  sidewalk  in  front  to  the 
highest  point  of  the  roof.  If  the  total 
fall  of  grade  on  any  side  exceeds  ten 
feet  in  the  length  of  the  building,  the 
height  shall  be  measured  at  the  low- 
ermost corner;  and  when  the  height 
of  a building  is  limited,  it  shall  be 
terraced  or  stepped  off  at  every  ten 
feet  change  of  grade. 

Sec.  33.  Height  of  a Wall. — The 
height  of  a wall  is  measured  from  its 
base  line  either  at  the  grade  or  at 
the  top  of  a girder  to  the  top  of  the 
®oping  or  the  center  of  the  highest 
gable;  foundation  and  retaining  walls 
are  measured  from  the  grade  down- 
ward. 

Sec.  34.  Height  of  a Story. — The 
perpendicular  distance  from  top  to 
top  of  two  successive  tiers  of  floor 
beams. 

Sec.  35.  Hotel. — Any  building  or 
part  thereof  designed  to  be  used  or 
s*sed  for  supplying  shelter  and  food 
or  shelter  to  residents  or  guests  and 
having  a public  dining  room,  cafe,  or 
office,  or  either. 

Sec.  36.  Inspector.  — Inspector 
shall  mean  the  Building  Inspector  of 
the  Town  of  Milford. 

Sec.  37.  Incombustible  Roof  or 
Non-Combustible  Roof. — On  build- 
ings and  sheds,  a roof  covered  with 
an  incombustible  material  not  sub- 
ject to  ignition  or  combustion  from 
sparks  of  fire  on  the  surface  of  the 
roof,  shall  be  considered  a non-com- 
bustible or  incombustible  roof. 

Sec.  38.  Incombustible  Stud  Parti- 
tion.— One  plastered  on  both  sides 
upon  metal  lath,  or  plaster  board, 
■wire  cloth  for  the  full  height,  and 
fire-stopped  between  the  studs  with 
incombustible  material  eight  inches 
high  from  the  floor  and  at  the  ceiling. 

Sec.  39.  Incombustible  Material. 

- — When  referred  to  as  a structural 
material — brick,  stone,  terra  cotta, 


concrete,  iron,  or  steel. 

Sec.  4 0.  Length  of  a Building. — 
Its  greatest  lineal  dimension. 

Sec.  41.  Lintel. — The  beam  or 
girder  over  an  opening  with  ends 
resting  on  masonry. 

Sec.  42.  Loads  on  Buildings. — (a) 
Dead  load  shall  consist  of  the  weight 
of  walls,  floors,  roofs,  partitions,  and 
all  permanent  construction. 

(b)  Live  load  shall  consist  of  all 
imposed,  fixed,  or  transient  loads, 
other  than  dead,  due  to  the  use  and 
occupancy  of  the  building  and  its  ex- 
posure to  wind  and  pressure. 

Sec.  43.  Lodging  House. — A 
building  designed  or  used  for  supply- 
ing shelter  to  lodgers,  but  in  connec- 
tion with  which  no  public  cafe  or 
dining  room  is  maintained. 

fj>ec.  44.  Mill  Construction. — That 
form  of  construction  in  which  heavy 
posts  and  girders  with  wide  spacing 
support  floors  and  roofs  of  heavy 
planking. 

Sec.  45.  Ordinary  Construction. — 
Wood  joists  with  wood  or  iron  posts 
and  beams. 

Sec.  46.  Owner. — Any  person, 
firm,  corporation,  or  agent  for  the 
same,  controlling  property  in  the 
Town  of  Milford. 

Sec.  47.  Office  Building. — Shall 
mean  and  include  every  building 
which  shall  be  divided  into  rooms 
above  the  first  story  and  be  intended 
and  used  for  office  purposes,  and  no 
part  of  which  shall  be  used  for  liv- 
ing purposes,  except  for  the  janitor 
and  his  family. 

Sec.  48.  Partition. — An  interior 
sub-dividing  wall. 

Sec.  49.  Piers. — Isolated  masses 
of  brickwork  or  masonry  forming 
supports. 

Sec.  50.  Post. — Isolated  perpen- 
dicular wooden  support. 

Sec.  51.  Public  Buildings. — All 
buildings  devoted  in  whole  or  in  part 
to  the  use  of  the  general  public, 
either  for  the  purposes  of  state  or 
places  of  assemblage. 

Sec.  52.  Repairs. — The  recon- 
struction or  removal  of  any  part  of 
an  existing  building  for  the  purpose 
of  its  maintenance  in  its  present  class 


/ 


®f  construction  and  grade  of  occu- 
pancy. 

Sec.  53.  Reinforced  Concrete. — 
Portland  cement  concrete  in  which 
are  imbedded  steel  or  wrought  iron 
members  to  take  tension  or  shearing 
strains. 

Sec.  54.  Shed. — A rough  or  un- 
finished structure  for  storage,  or  an 
open  structure  for  temporary  shelter. 

Sec.  55.  Story. — The  space  from 
top  to  bottom  of  any  two  successive 
floor  beams. 

Sec.  56.  Skeleton  Construction. — 
That  form  of  construction  in  which 
all  loads  and  stresses  are  transmitted 
to  the  foundations  by  a skeleton  of 
framework  of  metal. 

Sec.  57.  Street  Line. — The  line  of 
demarcation  between  a street  and  the 
abutting  property;  the  inner  line  of 
the  sidewalk  of  the  required  width. 

Sec.  58.  Tenement  House. — Any 
house  or  building,  or  portion  thereof, 
which  is  rented,  leased,  let  or  hired 
out,  to  be  occupied,  or  is  arranged  or 
designed  bo  be  occupied,  or  is  occu- 
pied as  the  home  or  residence  of 
three  families  or  more  living  indepen- 
dently of  each  other,  and  doing  their 
«ooking  upon  the  premises,  and  hav- 
ing a common  right  in  the  halls, 
stairways  or  yards. 

Sec.  59.  Theatre. — A building  or 
portion  of  a building  in  which  it  is 
designed  to  make  a business  of  the 
presentation  of  dramatic  or  other 
performances  for  the  entertainment  of 
spectators,  and  having  a permanent 
stage  for  said  performances  which 
ean  be  used  for  scenery  and  other 
stage  appliances. 

See.  SO.  Thickness  of  Wall. — The 
minimum  thickness  of  sueh  wall  ex- 
clusive of  air  space. 

Sec.  61.  Vault,  Sidewalk. — An  un- 
derground construction  beneath  the 
sidewalk. 

Sec.  62.  Vault,  Fire-Proof. — A 
loom  or  space  in  a building  with 
ftoor.  side-walls,  ceiling  and  doors 
constructed  of  fireproof  material. 

Sec.  63.  Veneer. — The  outer  fac- 
ing of  brick,  stone,  concrete,  tile,  or 
metal  of  an  inclosing  wall,  used  for 
the  protection  or  ornamentation  of 


the  backing. 

Sec.  64.  Veneered  Building. — A 
frame  structure,  the  walls  of  which 
are  covered  above  the  foundation 
wall  with  brick  or  stone  four  inches 
in  thickness. 

Sec.  65.  Walls  (a)  Apron. — That 
portion  of  an  inclosing  wall  between 
the  door  and  window  sills  of  a story 
and  the  door  and  window  heads  or 
lintels  of  the  next  story  below. 

(b)  Bearing  Wall. — The  wall  on 
which  either  or  both  the  floor  and 
roof  construction  rest. 

(c)  Curtain  Wall. — The  inclosing 
wall  of  an  iron  or  steel  skeleton 
frame,  or  the  non-bearing  portion  of 
an  inclosing  wall  between  piers. 

(d)  Division  Wall. — The  bearing 
wall  running  from  front  to  rear  sub- 
dividing a building. 

(e)  Dead  Wall. — A wall  without 
openings. 

(f)  External  Wall.  — Any  outer 
wall  of  a building  other  than  a party 
wall. 

(g)  Fire  Wall. — The  coping  or  par- 
apet walls  above  the  roof.  Also  any 
division  or  partition  wall  dividing 
spaces  into  limited  areas  for  fire  pro- 
tection purposes. 

(h)  Foundation  Walls. — That  por- 
tion of  an  inclosing  wall  below  the 
first  tier  of  floor  joists  or  beams  near- 
est and  above  the  grade  line;  and 
that  portion  of  any  interior  wall  be- 
low the  basement  or  cellar  floor. 

(i)  Length  ot — The  distance  be- 
tween the  centers  of  adjoining  front* 
rear,  cross,  or  return  walls,  irrespec- 
tive of  any  intea-mediate  steel  or 
light  combustible  or  non-return  brick 
partition. 

(J)  Partition. — Any  interior  wa& 
of  a building. 

(k)  Party.— Every  wall  used,  or 
built  in  order  to  be  used,  as  a separa- 
tion of  two  or  more  buildings.  A 
wall  built  upon  the  dividing  line  be- 
tween adjoining  premises  for  their 
common  use. 

(l)  Retaining.— A wall  built  to  re- 
sist lateral  pressure. 

Sec.  66.  Warehouse. — A building 
used  for  the  storage  of  merchandise. 

Sec.  67.  Wire  Glass. — Wire  woven 


i 

not  less  than  one-quarter  of  an  inch 
thick.  The  term  “fireproof  glass,” 
which  used  in  connection  with  wire 
glass,  means  hammered  glass  not 
less  than  one-half  an  inch  thick. 

Sec.  68.  Yard. — An  open  unoccu- 
pied space  on  the  same  lot  with  a 
building,  between  the  extreme  rear 
line  of  the  lot. 

CHAPTER  III. 

QUALITY  OF  MATERIALS. 

Quality 

Sec.  69.  All  materials  shall  be  of 
quality  suitable  for  the  purpose  for 
which  they  are  intended  to  be  used, 
and  conform  to  trade  and  manufac- 
turers’ standards.  Each  material 
must  be  free  from  imperfections 
whereby  its  strength  or  durability 
may  be  seriously  impaired. 

Materials  Rejected  When 
The  Building  Inspector  shall  have 
the  authority  to  reject  materials 
which  are  unsuitable  and  below  the 
usual  standards,  and  may  require 
tests  to  be  made  by  the  architect,  en- 
gineer, builder,  or  owner  to  deter- 
mine the  strength  of  any  structural 
materials. 

Brick 

Sec.  70.  Brick  shall  be  well  burned 
and  hard.  When  old  bricks  are  used 
they  shall  be  thoroughly  cleaned. 
When  the  season  will  permit,  bricks 
shall  be  wet  before  using. 

Soft  Bricks 

No  soft  bricks  shall  be  used  in  any 
part  of  a building  exposed  to  the 
weather,  or  in  any  internal  or  exter- 
na] piers,  nor  !in  any  part  of  a wall 
where  there  is  a greater  height  than 
forty  feet  of  wall  above  said  brick. 
Bond — Supports  of  Brick  and  Stone- 
work— Bearing  of  Lintels 
The  bond  of  brick  work  shall  be 
formed  by  laying  one  course  of  head- 
ers for  at  least  every  ,?ix  courses  of 
stretchers.  All  stone  and  brick  work 
over  openings  exceeding  four  feet  in 
width  shall  he  supported  with  stone 
or  iron  lintels  of  sufficient  strength 
to  carry  the  superimposed  weights, 
excepting  where  such  stone  or  brick 
work  shall  be  supported  with  sub- 
stantial stone  or  brick  arches.  All 
lintels  supporting  stone  or  brick  work 


8 >■ 

| must  bear  on  stone,  brick,  or  iron  of 
sufficient  strength. 

Stone 

Sec.  71.  Stone  shall  be  sound  and 
hard  and  of  sufficient  dimensions  for 
its  intended  use. 

Sand 

Sec.  72.  Sand  used  for  mortar 
shall  be  clean,  sharp  grit  sand,  free 
from  loam,  dirt,  or  organic  matter. 

Lime 

Sec.  73.  Lime  shall  be  thoroughly 
burned  quick  lime  of  good  quality 
and  well  slacked  before  using. 

Cement 

Sec.  74.  Any  natural  cement 
which  is  a product  of  calcination  of 
natural  rock  such  as  Akron,  Louis- 
ville, and  other  cements;  slag  Port- 
lands will  he  classed  as  a natural 
cement. 

Portland  Cement 

Sec.  75.  The  Standard  Portland 
cement  of  commerce,  either  domestic 
or  foreign  which  shall  be  capable  of 
passing  the  requirements  as  set  forth 
in  the  “Standard  Specification  for 
Portland  Cement”  by  the  American 
Society  for  Testing  Materials. 


Test 

Neat  Cement.  Strength 

24  hours  in  moist  air 200  lbs 

7 days  ( 1 day  in  moist  air, 

6 days  in  water) 550  lbs. 

28  days  (1  day  in  moist  air, 

27  days  in  water) 650  lbs. 

MORTARS 

Lime 


Sec.  76.  A properly  proportioned 
mixture  of  lime  and  sand,  not  more 
than  three  parts  sanid  to  one  part  un- 
slacked lime. 

Lime  and  Cement  Mortal* 

Sec.  77.  A properly  proportioned 
mixture  of  cement  and  sand  with 
lime  added,  not  more  than  four  parts 
sand  to  one  part  each  of  dry  cement 
and  slacked  lime. 

Cement  Mortar 

Sec.  78.  A properly  proportioned 
mixture  of  cement  and  sand,  not 
more  than  four  parts  sand  to  one  of 
Portland  cement,  nor  more  than 
three  parts  sand  to  one  of  Rosendale 
cement. 

Mortar  for  Plastering  How  Mack 


9 


V 


Sec.  79.  Mortar  for  plastering  shall 
he  made  as  follows:  The  mortar  shall 
be  slacked,  made  into  putty,  and  cool- 
ed before  putting  in  the  hair  which 
must  be  well  separated.  One  bushel 
of  hair  will  be  required  for  every 
three  barrels  of  putty;  one  and  one- 
half  barrels  of  sand  to  one  barrel  of 
putty  may  be  mixed  for  the  first  or 
scratch  coat,  after  being  thoroughly 
mixed  as  above.  The  said  mixture 
must  be  stacked  for  at  least  three 
days  before  using.  The  said  mortar 
shall  be  used  on  lath  surfaces  with  a 
second  coat  of  mortar  in  which  two 
and  one-half  barrels  of  sand  to  one 
barrel  of  putty,  and  less  hair  may  be 
used. 

Any  of  the  approved  patented 
wall  boards  or  plaster  board  may  be 
used  wrhere  strength  is  not  particu- 
larly required. 

Concrete 

Sec.  80.  When  the  structural  use 
of  concrete  is  proposed,  a specifica- 
tion stating  the  quality  and  propor- 
tion of  materials  and  the  methods  of 
mixing  the  same  shall  be  submitted 
to  the  Building  Inspector. 

Ingredients 

Concrete  for  foundations  shall  be 
made  of  at  least  one  part  cement  to 
three  parts  of  sand  and  five  parts  of 
clean,  broken  stone,  free  from  dirt 
and  dust,  of  such  size  as  to  pass  in 
any  way  through  a two-inch  ring,  or 
good,  clean  gravel  may  be  used  in 
the  same  proportion  as  broken  stone. 

Thoroughly  Mixed 

The  ingredients  of  the  concrete 
shall  be  thoroughly  mixed  to  the  de- 
sired consistency  and  the  mixing  shall 
continue  until  the  cement  is  evenly 
distributed  and  the  mass  is  uniform 
in  color  and  is  homogeneous.  Methods 
of  measurement  of  proportions  of  the 
various  ingredients,  including  water, 
■hall  be  used,  which  will  secure  sep- 
arate uniform  measurement  at  all 
times. 

Machine  Mixed 

Where  the  conditions  will  permit, 
a machine  mixer  of  a type  which  in- 
sures a proper  mixing  of  the  mater- 
ials throughout  the  mass,  shall  be 

used. 


Hand  Mixed 

When  it  is  necessary  to  mix  by 
hand  the  mixing  shall  be  on  a water- 
tight platform  and  a special  precau- 
tion must  be  taken  to  turn  the  ma- 
terials until  they  are  homogeneous  in 
appearance  and  color. 

Consistency 

The  materials  must  be  mixed  wet 
enough  to  produce  a concrete  of  such 
a consistency  as  will  flow  into  the 
forms  and  about  the  metal  reinforce- 

Iment,  and  which  on  the  other  hand 
can  be  conveyed  from  the  mixer  to 
the  forms  without  separation  of  the 
coarse  aggregate  from  the  mortar. 
Timber 

Sec.  81.  All  timbers  and  wood 
Ishall  be  of  good  sound  material,  free 
from  rot,  large,  or  loose  knots, 
shakes,  or  any  imperfections  whereby 
the  strength  may  be  impaired,  and 
be  of  such  size  and  dimensions  as  the 
purposes  for  which  the  building  is  in- 
tended require. 

Iron  and  Steel 

Sec.  82.  All  structural  wrought  or 
cast  iron,  or  steel,  in  quality,  require- 
ments of  tests,  workmanship,  and  in 
assemblage  and  inter-connections  of 
shapes  shall  be  in  accordance  with 
the  standard  specifications  of  the 
Association  of  American  Steel  Manu- 
facturers, as  given  in ‘the  hand  book 
of  the  respective  standard  manufac- 
turers; provided,  that  for  buildings 
of  skeleton  frame  fireproof  construc- 
tion, the  Building  Inspector  may,  at 
any  time,  require  the  owner  to  en- 
gage recognized  experts  to  supervise 
the  mill,  shop,  and  field  work,  and 
who  shall  file  certified  copies  of  their 
reports  on  the  progress  of  the  work 
for  the  approval  of  said  Building  In- 
spector, and  no  work  shall  be  conceal- 
ed or  built  upon  until  the  Building 
Inspector  has  been  furnished  satis- 
factory proof  that  it  is  up  to  the  ac- 
cepted standards. 

Stresses  in  Materials  How  Calculated 
— Factors  of  Safety  How 
Determined 

Sec.  83.  The  stresses  used  in  ma- 
terials hereafter  to  be  used  in  con- 
struction shall  be  the  calculated 
stresses  due  to  their  "dead  load"  plus 


the  applied  “live  load.”  The  allow- 
able factors  or  units  of  safety  or  the 
dimensions  of  each  piece  or  combina 
tion  of  materials  required  in  a build- 
ing or  structure,  if  not  given  in  this 
Code,  shall  be  ascertained  by  com- 
putation according  to  the  rules  pre- 
scribed by  the  standard  modern  au- 
thorities on  strength  of  materials, 
applied  mechanics  and  engineering 
practice,  provided,  that  the  Building 
Inspector  may,  and  in  cases  of  truss- 
ed or  reinforced  concrete  buildings 
two  or  more  stories  high  shall,  re- 
quire the  owner  or  architect  or  engin- 
eer to  submit  a certified  copy  of  such 
computation  or  strain  sheets  for  ex- 
amination and  approval  with  the  ap- 
plication for  the  Building  Permit. 

CHAPTER  IV. 

CALCULATION  OF  STRESSES. 

Tests  of  Filled  Ground 

Sec.  84.  Sound,  natural  earth 
shall  not  be  loaded  to  more  than  the 
following  in  tons  per  square  feet: 


Gravel  and  coarse  sand,  well 

compacted  or  hard  pan  6 tons 

Hard  rock  : 20  tons 

Fairly  hard  rock 6 tons 

Dry,  hard  clay  or  fine  sand  4 tons 

Moderately  dry  clay  or  mod- 
erately compact  sand 2 tons 

Soft  sand  or  clay  or  undis- 
turbed alluvial  soils. - 1 ton 


No  foundation  shall  be  started  on 
filled  ground  until  proper  tests  have 
been  made  and  permit  granted  by 
the  Building  Inspector.  When  a doubt 
arises  as  to  the  safe  sustaining  pow- 
er of  the  earth  upon  which  a build- 
ing is  to  be  erected,  the  Building  In- 
spector may  order  borings  to  be  made 
or  direct  the  sustaining  power  of  the 
soil  to  be  tested  by  and  at  the  ex- 
pense of  the  owner  of  the  proposed 
building. 

Sec.  85.  Allowable  safe  load 
ton  per  square  foot: 


*o 


1 

0 

y 

Q 

i 

Sh 

o 

-c 

a 

•H 

•o 

* 

• S3  -w 

0 

Laid  in  Mortar 

CD 

cti  g 
© © 

8 

& 

s.il 

'O 

>» 

U 

0 

H) 

123 

G< 

Common  Kiln  Run 

6 

8 

10 

13 

Common  Selected  Hard...6 

10 

12 

16 

Hard  Pressed  Hydraulic 

or  Vitrified  Shale 

or 

paving  

6 

12 

14 

18 

Stone  Rubble,  irregular 

bonded  

4 

5 

7 

10 

Stone  Rubble,  Coursed, 

well  bonded  

-1-.6 

7 

9 

11 

Stone  Ashlar  or  block 

with  full  beds 

6 

12 

15 

20 

Concrete:  Cement 

1. 

Sand  2,  Stone  4 

8 

16 

Concrete:  Cement 

1, 

Sand  2,  Stone  5 

......... 

6 

14 

Terra  Cotta  Blocks 
Sec.  86.  Terra  Cotta  building 
blocks  built  in  a wall  facing  may  be 
loaded  seven  tons  per  square  foot  of 
effective  section,  if  unfilled,  and  ten 
tons  per  square  foot,  measured  on 
the  beds,  when  filled  solid  with  brick- 
work or  concrete. 

Brick  Inner  Facing — Loads  on  Hol- 
low Tile  Blocks — Loads  on  Port- 
land Building  Blocks. 

Sec.  87.  When  hard,  hollow 
bricks  are  used  as  the  inner  facing  of 
a hard  selected  brick  wall,  the  wall 
shall  be  estimated  as  if  laid  up  in 
kiln  run  brick.  Where  the  hollow 
tile  blocks  are  used  for  building  par- 
titions or  as  inclosing  walls,  the 
joints  shall  be  well  filled  with  mor- 
tar, and  the  effective  bearing  parts  of 
the  tiles  shall  not  be  loaded  more 
than  one  hundred  and  fifty  pounds 
to  the  square  inch  for  hard  fire  clay 
tiles,  nor  more  than  one  hundred 
pounds  per  square  inch  for  hard  or- 
dinary clay  tiles,  nor  more  than  sev- 
enty-five pounds  per  square  inch  for 
porous  tiles.  Portland  building 
blocks  used  for  outside  walls  and 
partitions  shall  not  be  loaded  to  more 
than  one  hundred  and  fifty  pounds 
injper  square  inch  of  available  or  effec- 
Itive  section. 


Hollow  Tile  Blocks  Used  When 
Sec.  88.  Hollow  tile  blocks  may 
be  used  for  residences  and  light  con- 
struction not  over  three  stories  in 
height.  The  blocks  shall  be  twelve 
inches  thick  for  the  first  story  and 
ten  inches  thick  for  the  second  story, 
and  eight  inches  for  the  third  story, 
and  in  two-story  buildings  the  blocks 
shall  be  eight  inches  thick  for  the 
first  story  and  eight  inches  thick  for 
the  second  story,  and  shall  be  laid  in 
mortar  composed  of  one  part  Portland 
cement,  two  and  one-half  parts  sand, 
and  not  more  than  one-tenth  part  of 
lime  putty.  The  said  blocks  must  be 
well  burnt,  hard  and  dense. 

Made  Solid  When 
Where  joists  rest  upon  walls  of  hol- 
low tile  blocks,  the  bearing  surface 
shall  be  made  solid  with  Portland  ce- 
ment, concrete  or  brick  laid  in  Port- 
land cement  mortar. 

If  the  walls  are  made  of  hollow 
tile  and  exposed  to  the  weather,  such 
hollow  tile  must  be  covered  on  the 
exposed  sides  with  at  least  3-4  inch 
Portland  cement  stucco  and  be  well 
scored  with  grooves  to  receive  coat- 
ing. 

Girders  and  Joists  Resting  on  Walls 
Sec.  89.  Wherever  girders  or 
joists  rest  upon  walls  so  that  there  is 
a concentrated  load  on  the  block  of 
over  one  ton,  the  blocks  supporting 
the  girders  or  joists  must  be  made 
solid  by  filling  with  Portland  cement 
concrete.  Where  such  concentrated 
loads  shall  exceed  three  tons,  the 
blocks  for  two  courses  below  and  for 
a distance  extending  at  least  eighteen 
inches  each  side  of  such  girder,  shall 
be  made  solid.  Where  the  load  on 
the  wall  exceeds  five  tons,  the  blocks 
for  three  courses  beneath  it  shall  be 
made  solid  with  similar  material. 
Wherever  walls  are  decreased  in 
thickness  the  top  courses  of  the 
thicker  wall  must  be  made  solid  in 
ttie  same  manner. 

Loads  on  Dense  Hollow  Blocks 
Provided  always,  that  no  dense  hol- 
low blocks  shall  be  loaded  to  an  ex- 
cess of  three  hundred  pounds  per 
■quare  inch  of  net  end  section  in  com- 
pression; or  if  ordinary  semi-porous 


V 

11 

blocks  are  used,  they  shall  not  be 
loaded  to  exceed  two  hundred  pounds 
per  square  inch  of  net  section. 

Piers  to  be  Solid  When 
All  piers  or  buttresses  that  support 
loads  in  excess  of  five  tons,  shall  be 
filled  solid  with  Portland  cement  con-  * 
Crete.  Lintels  spanning  over  four 
feet  six  inches  in  the  clear  shall  rest 
on  blocks  filled  solid  with  concrete. 

Crushing  Strength. 

All  hollow  blocks  shall  be  subject 
to  the  regular  inspection  provided  for 
by  this  Code  for  other  masonry  build- 
ing material.  The  ultimate  crushing 
strength  shall  be  at  least  seven  times 
the  load  they  are  required  to  sup- 
port. 

Live  Loads  Allowed. 

Sec.  90.  The  minimum  “live 
loads,”  uniformly  distributed,  in 
pounds  per  square  foot  to  be  imposed 
on  floors  in  buildings  as  follows: 


‘Public  Building  proper”  100 

“Detention  Buildings-” 

In  cells  or  wards  60 


In  the  public  corridors,  halls, 
stairways,  offices,  chapel, 
clinical  assembly  or  court 


rooms  : 90 

“School  Buildings” 

In  class  rooms  70 

In  the  corridors,  halls,  and 
stairways,  laboratories  and 

assembly  rooms  90 

“Assembly  Halls” — “Theatres” 

In  auditoriums  with  fixed  seats  90 
In  lobbies,  passageways,  cor- 
ridors, stairways,  and  in 
auditoriums  with  movable 


seats  100 

In  any  hall  used  for  dancing  150 

“Hotels” 

In  private  rooms  and  apart- 
ments   50 

In  halls,  corridors,  passage- 
ways, stairways,  offices,  lob- 
bies, dining  rooms,  cafes, 
and  rooms  for  public  use  90 

“Office  Buildings” 

In  offices  proper 60 

In  all  hallways,  stairs,  lobbies, 
and  rooms  for  the  common 

use  of  tenants 100 

“Store  Buildings” 

For  light  merchandise, 


12 


Ground  floor . — 125^Block  stone  piers  „ 1:10 

Balance  of  building  100  | Wooden  posts  , 1:16 

For  heavy  merchandise,  at  least  iron  columns  1:20 

least  200  I Wrought  iron  columns 1:40 


Work- 


“Warehouse” — “Factory”  - 
shop” 

When  the  nature  of  their  occu- 
pancy is  general,  the  loads  will 
be  the  same  as  for  store  build- 
ings, except  in  cases  where  the 
buildings  are  used  for  the  sale, 
storage  or  manufacture  of  very 
light,  or  of  heavy  merchandise 
or  machinery,  when  they  shall  be 
proportioned  to  the  loads  they 
carry. 


• | Steel  columns  - 1:44 

| Size  of  Columns,  Posts  and  Piers 
I Sec.  92.  When  used  as  principal 
| supports  for  walls  or  floor  construc- 
iiion,  brick  or  stone  piers  shall  not  be 
I less  than  twelve  inches  by  twelve  in- 
jjches;  cast  iron  columns  not  less  than 
I five  inches  in  their  least  diameter  or 
| width,  and  no  shell  shall  be  less  than 
| one-twelfth  of  the  diameter  or  side, 
I but  never  less  than  three-quarters  of 
Ian  inch  thick;  wrought  iron  or  steel 


“Apartment  Houses” — “Clubhouses”  [built-up  columns  noj  less  than  six  in- 

feches  in  their  least  diameter  or  side, 
1 with  not  less  than  one-quarter  inch 
j metal  in  any  of  their  parts. 


Same  as  for  “Hotels/ 

“Tenement  Houses.” 

In  private  rooms  and  apart- 
ments   : 50 

In  public  halls,  corridors  and 

stairs  50 

“Miscellaneous” 

For  floors  of  miscellaneous 
buildings  and  for  floors  not  in- 
cluded or  loaded  more  heavily 
than  in  the  above  classification 
and  for  floors  subject  to  vibration 
from  machinery,  or  that  of  drill 
rooms,  riding  schools,  etc.,  or 
those  supporting  moving  loads, 
the  Inspector  shall  determine 
the  imposed  loads  by  calculation. 

Roofs  on  all  buildings 40 

Attic  floors  when  not  used  for 

storage  2 0 

When  used  for  limited  habita- 
tion or  storage,  never  less  than 
three-quarters  of  the  average 
load  assigned  to  the  floor  below. 
Stairs  and  fire-escapes,  generally, 

unless  otherwise  provided  80 

Sidewalks,  vaults  and  coverings 
over  sidewalks,  lifts  and  coal 

holes  — — 300 

Length  of  Columns,  Piers  and  Posts 
Sec.  91.  No  free  standing  or  built 
in  column,  pier  or  post  shall  exceed 
the  following  proportions  of  the  least 
side  or  diameter  to  the  height  with- 
out being  anchored,  stayed,  or  tied 
by  beams  or  girders  in  at  least  two 
directions  at  right  angles  to  each 
other. 

Brick  piers  1:  8 


Loads  on  Foundations 
Sec.  93.  Steel  shell  columns,  con- 
crete filled  not  allowed  less  than  4 
inches  in  diameter  and  must  be  ap- 
proved by  Inspector. 

CHAPTER  V. 

EXCAVATIONS. 

Inspection — Protected  From  Caving 
In 

Sec.  94.  Where  possible,  all  exca- 
vations for  buildings  shall  be  made 
at  least  nine  inches  beyond  the  line 
of  masonry  ' to  permit  of  inspection, 
and  shall  be  properly  guarded  and 
protected  by  the  person,  persons,  or 
corporations  causing  the  same  to  be 
made,  so  as  to  prevent  the  same  from 
becoming  dangerous  to  life  and  limb, 
and  shall  be  sheath  piled  where  it 
may  be  necessary,  cr  by  some  other 
method  approved  by  the  Building  In- 
spector, to  prevent  the  adjoining  soil 
from  caving  in  by  reason  of  its  own 
weight  or  by  reason  of  any  weight 
that  may  rest  upon  it. 

Protection  of  Adjoining  Building — 
Expense  How  Borne 
Sec.  95.  Whenever  any  excavation 
is  made  on  land  adjoining  a building, 
the  owner  of  the  land  upon  which 
such  excavation  is  made  shall  shore 
up,  protect  and  take  every  precaution- 
ary measure  to  protect  and  save  from 
injury  or  harm  any  footings,  founda- 
tions, walls  or  parts  thereof,  or  any 
part  pf  the  building,  which  is  liable 


13 


to  occur  by  reason  of  such  excava- 
tions, provided  the  depth  of  such  ex- 
cavation exceeds  three  feet  below 
grade.  If  such  excavation  does  not 
exceed  three  feet,  then  any  such  ex- 
pense shall  be  borne  by  the  owner  of 
such  building. 

Traffic  Uninterrupted. 

Sec.  96.  When  buildings  to  be 
erected  or  altered  front  on  business 
thoroughfares  and  in  congested  busi- 
ness districts,  the.  Building  Inspector 
may  require  that  sidewalk  traffic  be 
maintained  without  interruption  by 
means  of  elevated  or  covered  side- 
walks. 

CHAPTER  VI. 

FOUNDATIONS  AND  FOOTINGS. 

Construction — Piles 
Sec.  97.  Every  building  except 
buildings  erected  upon  solid  rock, 
shall  have  foundations  of  brick,  stone, 
steel,  iron,  or  Portland  cement  con- 
crete laid  not  less  than  four  feet  be- 
low the  surface  of  the  earth,  on  solid 
ground  on  level  surface  of  rock,  or 
upon  piles  or  ranging  timbers  when 
solid  earth  or  rock  is  not  found. 
Piles  intended  to  sustain  a wall,  pier 
or  post  shall  be  spaced  not  more 
than  thirty-six  nor  less  than  twTenty- 
five  inches  on  centers,  and  they  shall 
be  driyen  to  a solid  bearing,  if  prac- 
ticable to  do  so,  and  the  number  of 
such  piles  shall  be  sufficient  to  sup- 
port the  super-structure  proposed. 

Wood  piles  or  posts  may  be  used 
tinder  frame  buildings.  Where  built 
over  water  or  on  meadows  land, 
they  must  project  above  the  water 
a sufficient  height  to  be  above  high 
tide,  and  building  may  be  placed 
directly  thereon  without  other 
foundation.  Providing,  however, 
that  such  building  shall  not  be  over 
two  stories  in  height,  and  the  posts 
or  piles  must  be  at  least  five  inches 
in  diameter  at  the  small  end,  and 
»ot  more  than  eight  feet  apart. 

Dimension  of  Piles. 

Sec.  98.  No  pile  shall  be  used  of 
less  dimension  than  five  inches  at  the 
amall  end  and  ten  inches  at  the  butt 
for  piles  of  twenty  feet  or  less  in 
length,  and  twelve  inches  at  the  butt 
for  piles  more  than  twenty  feet  in 


length.  No  pile  shall  be  weighted 
with  a load  exceeding  thirty  thousand 
pounds. 

Sustaining  Power  of  Piles — Piles, 
How  Protected. 

Sec.  99.  When  a pile  is  not  driven 
to  refusal,  its  safe  sustaining  power 
shall  be  determined  by  the  following 
formula:  Twice  the  weight  of  the 

hammer  in  tons  multiplied  by  the 

I ! height  of  the  fall  in  feet  divided  by 
least  penetration  of  pile  under  the 
last  blow  in  inches  plus  one.  The 
Building  Inspector  shall  be  notified  of 
the  time  when  test  piles  shall  be 
riven.  The  tops  of  all  piles  shall  be 
cut  off  below  the  lowest  water  line. 
When  required,  concrete  shall  be 
rammed  down  in  the  interspaces  be- 
tween the  heads  of  the  piles  to  a 
(depth  and  thickness  of  not  less  than 

I twelve  inches  and  for  one  foot  in 
width  outside  of  the  piles. 

Capping  Timbers. 

Sec.  100.  Where  ranging  and  cap- 
ping timbers  are  laid  on  piles  for 
foundations,  they  shall  be  of  hard 
wood  not  less  than  si»  inches  thick 
and  properly  joined  together,  and 
their  tops  laid  below  the  lowest  water 
line. 

Metal  in  Foundations — Footing  Be- 
low Water  Level 

Sec.  101.  Where  metal  is  incor- 
porated in,  or  forms  part  of,  a foun- 
dation, it  shall  be  thoroughly  pro- 
tected from  any  rust  by  paint,  as- 
phaltum,  concrete,  or  by  such  mater- 
ials and  in  such  manner  as  may  be 
approved  by  the  Building  Inspector. 
When  footings  of  iron  or  steel  for 
columns  are  placed  below  the  water 
level,  they  shall  be  similarly  coated, 
or  inclosed  in  concrete,  for  preserva- 
tion against  rust. 

Loads  on  Caissons 
Sec.  102.  When  foundations  are 
carried  down  through  earth  by  piers 
of  stone,  brick,  or  concrete  in  cais- 
sons, the  loads  on  the  same  shall  not 
by  more  than  fifteen  tons  to  the 
square  foot,  when  carried  down  to 
rock;  ten  tons  to  the  square  foot, 
when  carried  down  to  firm  gravel  or 
hard  clay;  eight  tons  to  the  square 
foot  in  open  caissons  or  sheet  pile 


14 


trenches  when  carried  down  to  rock. 

Materials  Used — Base  Course 
Sec.  103.  Foundation  walls  shall 
be  built  of  stone,  or  brick,  with  ce- 
ment mortar,  or  of  Portland  cement 
concrete,  except  foundations  for  frame 
buildings  and  private  stables,  and 
for  buildings  not  more  than  two  stor- 
ies in  height,  which  may  be  built  with 
lime  and  cement  mortar.  If  built  of 
Portland  cement  concrete,  theyy  shall 
be  at  least  four  inches  thicker  than 
the  wall  next  above  them  in  a depth 
of  twelve  feet  below  the  curb  level, 
and  for  every  additional  ten  feet,  or 
part  thereof  deeper,  thy  shall  be  in- 
creased six  inches  in  thickness.  The 
footing  or  base  course  shall  be  of 
stone  or  concrete,  or  both,  or  of  con- 
crete and  stepped  up  brick  work,  of 
sufficient  thickness  and  area  safely  to 
bear  the  weight  to  be  imposed  there- 
on. 

Concrete  Footings — Stone  Footings — 

Width  of  Base  Course 
Sec.  104.  If  the  footings  or  base 
course  be  of  concrete,  the  concrete 
shall  not  be  less  than  eight  inches 
thick.  If  of  stone  the  stone  shall  be 
of  large  size,  and  at  least  six  inches 
in  thickness  for  walls,  and  not  less 
than  eight  inches  in  thickness  for 
piers,  columns  or  posts.  The  footing 
or  base  course,  except  under  frame 
buildings,  whether  formed  of  concrete 
or  stone,  shall  be  at  least  eight  in- 
ches wider  than  the  bottom  width  of 
walls,  and  at  least  six  inches  wider 
on  all  sides  than  the  bottom  width  of 
the  said  piers,  columns,  or  posts.  If 
the  superimposed  load  is  such  as  to 
cause  undue  transverse  strain  on  a 
footing  projecting  six  inches,  the 
thickness  of  such  footing  shall  be  in- 
creased so  as  to  carry  the  load  with 
safety,  by  adding  extra  course  or 
courses  of  above  dimensions.  All 
base  stones  shall  be  well  bedded  and 
laid  crosswise,  edge  to  edge. 

Stepped  Up  Footings 
If  stepped  up  footings  of  brick  are 
used  in  place  of  stone  above  the  con- 
crete, the  offsets,  if  laid  in  single 
courses,  shall  not  exceed  one  and  one- 
half  inches,  or  if  laid  in  double  cours- 
es, then  each  shall  not  exceed  three 


inches,  offsetting  the  first  course  of 
brick  work,  back  one-half  of  the 
thickness  of  the  concrete  base,  so  as 
properly  to  distribute  the  load  to  be 
imposed  thereon. 

isolated  Piers  as  Supports — Inverted 
Arches 

Sec.  105.  If,  in  place  of  a contin- 
uous foundation  wall,  isolated  piers 
are  to  be  ’built  to  support  the  super- 
structure, where  the  nature  of  the 
ground  and  character  of  the  building 
make  it  necessary,  in  the  opinion  of 
the  Building  Inspector,  inverted 
arches  resting  on  a proper  bed 
of  concrete,  both  designed  to 
transmit  with  safety  the  superim- 
posed loads,  shall  be  placed  between 
the  piers.'  The  thrust  of  the  outer 
pier  shall  be  taken  up  by  suitable 
wrought  iron  or  steel  rods  and  plates. 

Grillage  Beams 

Sep.  106.  Grillage  beams  of 
wrought  iron  or  steel  resting  on  a 
proper  concrete  bed  may  be  used. 
Such  beams  must  be  provided  with 
separators  and  bolts,  inclosed  and 
filled  solid  between  with  concrete, 
and  of  such  size  and  so  arranged  as 
to  transmit  with  safety  the  superim- 
posed loads. 

Headers  in  Stone  Walls 
Sec.  107.  All  stone  walls  twen- 
ty-four inches  and  not  less  than 
eighteen  inches  in  thickness,  shall 
have  at  least  one  header  extending 
through  the  wall  in  every  three  feet 
in  height  from  the  bottom  of  the 
wall,  and  in  every  three  feet  in 
length,  and  if  over  twenty-four  inches 
in  thickness,  shall  have  one  header 
for  every  six  superficial  feet  on  both 
sides  of  the  wall,  laid  across  each 
other  to  bond  together,  and  running 
into  the  wall  at  least  twenty  inches. 
All  headers  shall  be  at  least  twelve 
inches  in  width,  and  six  inches  in 
thickness,  and  consist  of  good  flat 
stones. 

Stones,  How  Laid 
No  stone  shall  be  laid  in  such 
walls  in  any  other  position  than  on 
its  natural  bed.  No  stone  shall  be 
used  that  does  not  bond  or  extend 
into  the  wall  at  least  six  inches. 
Stones  shall  be  firmly  imbedded  in 


cement  mortar  and  all  spaces  and 
joints  thoroughly  filled. 

Thickness  of  External  Retaining 
Walls 

Sec.  108.  External  retaining  walls 
shall  be  constructed  of  sufficient 
thickness  safely  to  support  the  out- 
side pressure  when  earth  embank- 
ments are  adjacent  to  any  founda- 
tion or  curb  wall. 

Sewer  Connections  Before  Founda- 
tions Laid 

Sec.  109.  In  all  cases  a connec- 
tion with  the  street  sewer  where  the 
same  exists,  shall  be  established  be- 
fore beginning  the  work  of  laying 
foundations.  Before  the  walls  of 
buildings  are  carried  up  above  the 
foundation  walls,  the  cellars  shall  be 
connected  through  drain  tiles  and 
catch  basins  with  the  street  sewer. 
Should  there  be  no  sewer  in  the 
street,  or  if  the  cellars  are  below 
the  sewer  or  ground  water  level,  then 
provisions  shall  be  made  to  prevent 
water  accumulating  in  the  cellars  to 
the  injury  of  the  foundations  or  the 
occupancy  of  the  basement  cellar. 

CHAPTER  VH. 


WALLS,  PIERS  AND  PARTITIONS. 
Table  No.  1 

Sec.  110.  Table  of  thickness  of 
brick  walls  for  heavy  buildings,  such 
as  warehouses,  mercantile  buildiDga, 


and  factories: 
Basement 

<D 


,®  o 

• rj 

X 

p. 

o 

H H 

o ° 

Pi 

o 

to  m 

PQ 

O 

1 

2 

1 18 

16 

14 

12 

t— 1 

00 

16 

16 

12 

12 

3 20 

16 

16 

16 

12 

4 24 

20 

20 

16 

16 

5 24 

20 

20 

20 

16 

6 28 

24 

22 

20 

16 

7 28 

24 

24 

20 

20 

i SO 

24 

24 

20 

20 

Stories 


3 4 5 6 7 8 


12 

12  12 
16  12  12 
16  16  12  12 
16  16  16  12  12 
20  16  16  16  12  12 


poses,  and  upper  stories  for  resi- 
dences, or  entire  building  for  resi- 
dences. 

Basement 


< V 

cn 

.®  a) 

x 

<x> 

p 

Stories 

d 

o o 

o 

o 

PS 

o 

to  to 

PQ 

O 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

T 

8 

1 18 

12 

12 

12 

2 18 

16 

14 

12 

12 

3 20 

16 

16 

12 

12 

12 

4 24 

20 

18 

16 

12 

12 

12 

“ ! 

5 24 

20 

18 

16 

16 

12 

12 

12 

6 28 

24 

20 

16 

16 

16 

12 

12 

12 

7 28 

24 

20 

20 

16 

16 

16 

12 

12 

12 

8 28 

24 

24 

20 

16 

16 

16 

16 

12 

12 

12 

Eight-Inch 

Brick 

Walls 

When 

Allowed 

Sec.  112.  Separate  private  dwell- 
ings or  those  built  in  block  form  or 
private  stables,  not  more  than  two 
stories  high,  or  more  than  30  ft. 
without  break  or  buttress,  more  than 
16  ft.  span  or  with  story  height  of 
not  over  9 inches  clear  may  be  built 
of  8-inch  brick  walls.  All  eight- 
inch  brick  walls  must  be  built  with. 
Portland  cement  mortar.  When  re- 
inforced concrete  is  to  be  used  in- 
stead of  bricks  or  blocks,  it  must  be 
at  least  six  inches  thick,  and  all 
reinforcing  approved  by  the  Inspec- 
tor. 

Wall  Ties.  • 

Sec.  113.  All  wall  ties  shall  be  of 
galvanized  iron  or  steel,  not  less 
than  six  inches  long,  as  approved  by 
the  Building  Inspector. 

Walls  of  Buildings  Other  Than  Wood 
Sec.  114.  The  walls  of  all  build- 
ings, other  than  frame  or  wood  build- 
ings, shall  be  constructed  of  stone, 
brick,  hollow  tile,  Portland  cement 
concrete,  iron  or  steel,  or,  if  approved 
by  the  Building  Inspector  other  hard, 
incombustible  material,  and  the  sev- 
eral component  parts  of  such  build- 
ings shall  be  as  herein  provided. 


The  same  amount  of  materials  shall 
be  used  in  piers  or  buttresses  and 
•urtaiD  walls. 

Table  No.  2 

Sec.  111.  Table  of  thickness  of 
brick  walls  for  buildings  with  first 
•tory  to  be  used  for  mercantile  pur- 


Buiklings Inclosed 
Sec.  115.  All  buildings  shall  be 
inclosed  on  all  sides  with  independent 
or  party  walls. 

Walls  and  Piers  to  be  Bonded 
Sec.  116.  The  walls  and  piers  of 
all  buildings  shall  be  properly  and 


\ 

16 


solidly  bonded  together  with  close 
joints  filled  with  mortar.  They  shall 
be  built  to  a line  and  be  carried  up 
plumb  and  straight. 

Thickness  Maintained 
Sec.  117.  The  walls  of  each  story 
shall  be  built  up  the  full  thickness 
to  the  top  of  the  beams  above. 

Mason  Wbrk  in  Freezing  Weather 
Sec.  118.  Walls  or  piers,  or  part 
of  walls  and  piers,  shall  not  be  built 
in  freezing  weather,  unless  the  brick 
and  mortar  be  heated. 

Thickess  of  Walls  Increased 
Sec.  119.  When  walls  are  more 
than  twenty-five  feet  apart,  four 
inches  shall  be  added  for  every  suc- 
ceeding interval  of  ten  feet  or  part 
thereof  of  increase  of  distance  be- 
tween them  without  intermediate  di- 
vision walls  or  rows  of  column  and 
girder  supports. 

Thickness  Increased  For  Reduction  of 
Area 

Sec.  120.  When  any  horizontal  sec- 
tion of  wall  shows  more  than  twen- 
y-five  per  cent,  reduction  of  area  on 
account  of  flues,  openings,  and  re- 
cesses, four  inches  shall  be  added  for 
every  succeeding  interval  of  ten  per 
cent,  or  part  thereof  of  reduction, 
provided  that  in  walls  of  uniform 
thicknesses,  such  reduction  does  not 
exceed  fifty-five  per  cent,  of  the 
wimple,  or,  in  masonry  pier  construc- 
tion, not  more  than  seventy  per  cent, 
for  each  bay. 

Thickness  Increased  For  Heavy 

Floor  Roads  . ‘ 

Sec.  121.  When  the  floors  of  a 
building  of  an  established  height  are 
to  be  loaded  heavier  than  the  max- 
imum given  in  the  tables  of  permis- 
sible loads,  the  thickness  of  walls 
shall  be  proportionately  increased. 
Thickness  Increased  For  Additional 
Length 

Sec.  122.  All  buildings  over  one 
hundred  feet  in  depth,  without  a 
erosswall  or  proper  piers  or  but- 
tresses, shall  have  the  side  or  bearing 
walls  increased  in  thickness  four 
inches  more  than  is  specified  in  the 
respective  sections  of  this  Code  for 
the  thickness  of  walls  for  every  one 
limndred  feet,  or  part  thereof,  that 


the  said  buildings  are  over  one  hun- 
dred feet  in  defth. 

Walls  Corbeled — Joist  Hangers 
Sec.  123.  All  party  or  division 
walls  of  a less  thickness  than  twelve 
inches  shall  be  corbeled,  not  less 
than  three  inches  on  sides,  to  re- 
ceive the  floor  joists,  or  instead  of 
corbeling,  approved  malleable  iron  or 
steel  joist  hangers  may  be  used. 

Additional  Stress 

Sec.  124.  Where  it  appears  that 
extra  or  additional  stress  shall  come 
upon  any  wall  or  pier,  extra  provi- 
sion shall  be  made  for  carrying  the 
same  by  additional  thickness  of  walls 
or  additional  size  of  pier,  or  the  ad- 
dition of  proper  pilasters. 

Inside  Portion  of  Walls. 

Sec.  125.  The  inside  four  inches 
of  any  wall  may  be  built  of  hard- 
burnt  hollow  brick,  properly  tied 
and  bonded  by  means  of  full  header 
courses  every  sixth  course  into  the 
walls,  and  of  the  dimension  of  the 
ordinary  bricks. 

Linings  Not  Part  of  Thickness 
Sec.  12  6.  Where  hollow  tile  or 
porous  terra  cotta  blocks  are  used 
as  lining  or  furring  for  walls,  they 
shall  not  be  included  in  the  meas- 
urement of  the  thickness  of  such 
walls. 

Hollow  Walls 

Sec.  127.  In  all  walls  that  are 
built  hollow  the  same  quantity  of 
stone,  brick,  or  concrete  shall  be 
used  in  their  construction,  as  if  they 
were  built  solid,  as  in  this  Code 
provided,  and  no  hollow  wall  shall 
be  built  unless  the  parts  of  same 
are  connected  by  proper  ties,  placed 
not  over  twenty-four  inches  apart. 

Recesses  in  Walls 
Sec.  128.  No  recess  or  chase  for 
water,  soil,  steam  or  other  pipes, 
shall  be  made  in  any  exterior  or  in 
any  other  bearing  wall  to  more  than 
one-third  of  its  effective  thickness, 
and  the  recesses  around  said  pipe  or 
pipes  shall  be  filled  with  solid  ma- 
sonry, or  plastic  incombustible  ma- 
terial, after  the  pipes  are  in  place, 
for  the  space  of  one  foot  at  the  top 
and  bottom  of  each  story.  No  re- 
cesses shall  be  made  in  any  exterior 


or  other  bearing  walls  less  than 
twelve  inches  thick,  and  no  continu- 
ous vertical  recess  other  than  flues 
in  stacks  shall  be  nearer  than  five 
feet  to  any  other  recess. 

Channeling  in  Walls 

Sec.  129.  No  channeling  shnll  be 
done  in  walls  which  are  less  than 
twelve  inches  thick,  except  for  small 
gas  pipes  and  wire  conduits.  Re- 
cesses for  stairways  or  elevators  may 
be  left  in  the  foundation  or  cellar 
walls  of  all  buildings,  but  in  no  case 
shall  the  walls  be  of  less  thickness 
than  the  walls  of  the  third  story,  un- 
less reinforced  by  additional  piers 
with  iron  or  steel  girders  or  iron 
and  steel  columns  and  girders,  se- 
curely anchored  to  walls  on  each, 
side. 

Horizontal  Chase 

No  horizontal  chase  shall  be  more 
than  four  feet  in  continuous  length, 
unless  the  wall  is  made  proportion- 
ately thicker. 

Wind  Pressure 

Sec.  130.  All  structures  exposed 
to  wind  shall  be  designed  to  resist 
a horizontal  wind  pressure  of  thirty 
pounds  to  every  square  foot  of  sur- 
face thus  exposed,  from  the  ground 
to  the  top  of  same,  including  the 
roof,  in  any  direction.  In  no  case 
shall  be  the  overturning  moment  due 
to  wind  pressure  exceed  seventy- 
five  per  cent,  of  the  moment  of  sta- 
bility of  the  structure.  In  all  struc- 
tures exposed  to  wind,  if  the  resist- 
ing moments  of  the  ordinary  mater- 
ials of  construction,  such  as  mason- 
ry, partitions,  floors  and  connections 
are  not  sufficient  to  resist  the  moment 
of  distortion  due  to  wind  pressure, 
taken  in  any  direction  on  any  part 
of  the  structure,  additional  bracing 
shall  be  introduced  to  make  up  the 
difference  in  the  moments. 

Calculations  For  Wind  Pressure 

In  calculations  for  wind  bracing, 
the  working  stresses  set  forth  in 
this  Code  may  be  increased  by  fifty 
per  cent.  In  buildings  under  one 
hundred  feet  in  height,  provided  the 
height  does  not  exceed  four  times 
the  average  width  of  the  base,  the 
wind  pressure  may  be  disregarded. 


Supports  of  Wralls 
Sec.  131.  It  shall  be  unlawful  to 
erect,  construct,  or  build  any  rear, 
front,  party,  division,  or  partition 
masonry  wall  upon  wooden  girders, 
rafters,  or  lintels,  or  to  support  any 
such  wall  by  any  wooden  support 
whatever;  but  all  such  supports  shall 
be  of  iron,  brick,  or  stone,  and  shall 
rest  on  sufficient  stone  or  metal  bear- 
ing blocks. 

Header  Courses  in  Brick  Work 
In  all  brick  walls  every  6th  course 
shall  be  a header  course,  except  for 
running  bond,  then  every  6th  course 
shall  be  bonded  into  the  backing  by 
cutting  the  course  of  the  face  brick 
and  putting  in  diagonal  headers  be- 
hind the  same,  or  by  spliting  the 
face  brick  lengthwise  and  backing 
with  a continuous  row  of  headers. 
If  laid  in  other  bonds,  all  headers 
must  be  full  headers,  if  possible, 
otherwise  the  thickness  of  the  wall 
must  be  4 inches  greater  than  would 
be  otherwise  required',  and  every 
sixth  course  must  be  full  header. 
If  running  bond  is  used  the  wall 
must  be  4 inches  greater  than  called 
for. 

Openings  to  Have  Arches 
Sec.  132.  Openings  for  doors  and 
windows  in  ail  buildings  shall  have 
good  and  sufficient  arches  of  stone, 
brick,  or  terra  ootta,  well  built  and 
keyed  with  good  and  sufficient  abut- 
ments; or  lintels  of  stone,  iron,  or 
steel  of  sufficient  strength,  which 
shall  have  a bearing  at  each,  end  of 
not  less  than  five  inches  on,  the  wall. 

Strength  of  Arches 
Sec.  133.  All  masonry  arches  shall 
be  capable  of  sustaining  the  weight 
and  pressure  which  they  are  de- 
signed to  carry,  and  the  stress  at 
any  point  shall  not  exceed  the  work- 
ing stress  for  the  material  used,  as 
given  in  this  Code. 

Tie  Rods 

Sec.  134.  Tie  rods  shall  be  used 
where  necessary  to  secure  stability. 
Walls  Not  to  he  Carried  up  More 
Than  One  Story  in  Advance  of 
Each  Other 

Sec.  135.  In  no  case  shall  any 
wall  or  walls  of  any  building  be 


18 


carried  up  more  than  one  story  in 
advance  of  any  other  wall,  except  by 
permission  of  the  Building  Inspector. 
And  this  prohibition  shall  include 
the  inclosure  walls  for  skeleton 
buildings. 

Walls  to  be  Bonded  Together 
Sec.  136.  The  front,  rear,  side, 
and  party  walls  shall  be  properly 
bonded  together,  or  anchored  to  each 
other  every  six  feet  in  their  height 
by  wrought  iron  anchors,  not  less 
than  one  and  one-half  inches  by 
three-eighths  of  an  inch  in  size,  and 
not  less  than  twenty-eight  inches  in 
length. 

Exterior  Piers  Anchored 
Sec.  137.  All  exterior  piers  shall 
be  anchored  to  the  beams  or  girders 
on  the  level  of  each  tier. 

Walls  Coped — Coping  Omitted  When 
—Parapet  Walls  Two  Feet  Above 
Flat  Roofs 

Sec.  138.  All  exterior  walls,  on 
lot  line  and  division  and  party  walls 
over  fifteen  feet  high  shall  have  par- 
apet or  coping  walls  carried  at  least 
eighteen  inches  above  the  roof,  and 
shall  be  coped  with  incombustible 
material.  The  front  and  rear  walls, 
if  facing  on  streets,  alley,  or  open 
space  may  have  the  parapet  wall 
omitted.  Open  balustrades  shall  not 
be  placed  above  the  cornice  line  of 
any  building  unless  they  are  built 
of  incombustible  material  directly 
over  the  wall  below,  nor  shall  the 
top  rail  of  such  balustrades  be  over 
five  feet  above  the  roof  line.  Par- 
apet walls  and  party  or  division  walls 
shall  extend  at  least  two  feet  above 
flat  roofs. 

Walls  Furred  With  Wood 
Sec.  139.  In  all  walls  furred  with 
wood  the  brick  work  between  the 
ends  of  the  woo  l beams  shall  project 
the  thickness  of  the  furring  beyond 
the  inner  face  of  the  wall  for  the  full 
depth  of  the  beams. 

Height  of  Stories 
Sec.  140.  The  height  of  stories 
for  all  given  thicknesses  of  walls 
shall  not  exceed: 

First  story 16  feet  in  the  clear 

Second  story 14  feet  in  the  clear 

Third  story 12  feet  in  the  clear 


Fourth  and  up- 
per stories 11 » feet  in  the  clear 

And  if  any  story  exceeds  the  fore- 
going heights,  the  walls  of  any  such 
story  and  all  walls  below  that  story 
shall  be  increased  four  inches  in 
thickness. 

Facing  of  Walls — Not  Part  of 
Thickness 

Sec.  141.  Stone,  cement  block,  or 
terra  cotta  facing  shall  be  not  less 
than  four  inches  in  thickness  at  any 
place,  and  shall  be  securely  an- 
chored to  the  brick  backing  at  least 
every  two  feet  vertically  and  hori- 
zontally. The  facing  wall  shall  not 
be  counted  as  part  of  thickness  of 
brick  walls,  unless  the  average  thick- 
ness of  facing  is  six  inches  or  more, 
and  the  facing  thoroughly  bonded 
into  the  walls,  in  which  case  half 
the  average  thickness  of  facing  shall 
be  allowed  in  calculating  thickness 
of  wall  in  accordance  with  table. 

Curtain  Walls  Thickness — Height 
Sec.  142.  No  curtain  wall  for  steel 
frame  buildings  shall  be  less  than 
twelve  inches,  except  that  walls  eight 
inches  in  thickness  may  be  used  be- 
tween piers  or  steel  supports  not  over 
twelve  feet  on  centers  and  not  over 
twelve  feet  high,  for  buildings,  of 
one  or  two  stories,  when  approved  by 
the  Building  Inspector. 

Dividing  Walls  in  Apartment  Houses 
Sec.  143.  In  all  apartment  and 
tenement  houses,  three  stories  or 
more  in  height,  the  dividing  walls 
>r  partitions  between  the  apartments 
provided  for  each  family,  where  not 
eparated  by  a hall  or  staircase,  shall 
be  made  of  incombustible  material. 
In  the  absence  of  definite  sub-divi- 
sions between  the  apartments  of  dif- 
ferent families,  eight  rooms  shall  be 
counted  as  the  equivalent  of  one 
apartment.  In  all  buildings,  not  of 
fireproof  construction,  there  shall  be 
for  every  eight  rooms  in  any  one 
story,  dividing  walls  or  partitions  of 
incombustible  material  separating 
the  rooms  from  the  contiguous 
spaces. 

Dividing  Walls  in  Double  or  Block 
Houses 

Sec.  144.  In  double  houses  or 


houses  in  block  form,  not  over  two 
stories  high,  the  dividing  walls 
shall  he  of  brick  not  less  than  8 
inch  brick  filled  partition,  or  other 
incombustible  material,  approved  by 
Building  Inspector,  extending  from 
the  cellar  to  one  foot  above  the  roof 
and  two  feet  above  flat  roofs,  except- 
ing in  case  of  steep  roofs  of  double 
houses,  where  division  walls  shall  be 
carried  to  under  side  of  roof  boards. 
Brick  Walls  Around  Elevator  Shafts 

Sec.  145.  When  brick  walls  sur- 
round stairways,  elevator  shafts,  shav- 
ing pits  and  light  shafts,  they  shall  be 
not  less  than  eight  inches  thick,  but 
no  such  eight-inch  wall  shall  be  built 
more  than  eighteen  feet  high  with- 
out lateral  support  or  anchorage,  and 
the  total  height  of  any  eight-inch 
brick  wall  shall  not  exceed  fifty  feet. 
Calculating  Strength  of  Piers  and 
Portions  of  Walls 

Sec.  146.  In  calculating  the 
strength  of  isolated  piers  or  divi- 
sions forming  portions  of  walls,  the 
least  dimension  shall  be  considered 
in  determining  the  loads  which  such 
piers  may  carry.  If  outside  walls 
are  of  pier  construction,  the  piers 
shall  be  graded  in  size  according  to 
weights  to  be  carried,  but  not  less 
than  sixteen  inches  thick  for  upper 
story  and  shall  increase  four  inches 
for  each  two  stories  below,  they 
shall  also  be  graded  as  to  width  of 
face  according  to  span  of  bays. 

Such  piers  shall  have  a width  of 
twenty-four  inches  for  an  eight  foot 
bay,  measuring  from  center  to  cen- 
ter of  pier,  and  shall  increase  four 
inches  in  face  width,  for  each  two 
feet  or  fraction  thereof  that  the 
width  of  the  bay  is  increased.  Cur- 
tain or  panels  between  piers  shall 
be  of  brick  and  at  least  eight  inches 
thick. 

Height  of  Isolated  Brick  Pier 

Sec.  147.  No  isolated  brick  pier 
shall  be  built  whose  height  exceeds 
eight  times  its  least  dimensions,  and 
any  such  pier  where  receiving  con- 
centrated loads,  shall  have  suitable 
bearing  blocks  of  stone  or  iron,  so 
proportioned  as  properly  to  distri- 
bute the  load  to  come  upon  it. 


Construction 

All  isolated  piers  shall  be  built  of 
cut  stone,  Portland  cement,  con- 
crete, or  good,  hard,  well-burnt 
brick  laid  in  Portland  cement. 

Piers  Faced 

Sec.  148.  In  case  piers  are  faced 
with  pressed  brick,  they  shall  be  so 
laid  as  to  have  proper  bearings  of 
mortar  under  each  pressed  brick,  so 
that  the  strength  of  the  pier  may  be 
fully  maintained  on  all  sides,  the 
central  part  of  the  pier  shall  be  laid 
in  Portland  cement. 

Brick  in  Piers — How  Laid 

Sec.  149.  Brick  piers  shall  be 
built  of  good,  hard,  well-burnt  brick 
of  uniform  size,  laid'  in  cement  or 
lime  mortar,  with  uniform  joints 
throughout  facing  and  backing,  and 
of  sufficient  size  to  carry  safely  the 

I load  which  they  are  intended  to  car- 
ry. Each  course  of  brick  shall  be 
laid  over  the  whole  surface  of  the 
pier  and  each  brick  shall  be  thor- 
oughly surrounded  by  mortar,  ar.d 
all  shall  be  -properly  bonded,  and  the 
joints  slushed  full  of  mortar  before 
the  next  course  shall  fie  laid.  The 
top  of  tilie  pier,  when  finished,  shall 
be  level  for  the  cap  stone,  plate,  or 
other  covering. 

Dividing  partitions  in  double  fiouses 
or  buildings  in  block  form 

Setc.  150.  The  division  walls  be- 
tween stairs  or  stores  and  living 
rooms  shall  be  of  brick  not  less 
than  eight  inches  thick  or  other 
fireproof  materials,  approved  by  the 
Building  Inspector. 

Openings  in  Fire  or  Party  Walls — 
Fire  Doors 

Sec.  151.  Openings  in  the  fire  or 
party  walls  of  buildings  shall  in  no 
case  exceed  eight  feet  in  width,  nor 
ten  feet  in  height,  and  above  each 
such  opening  there  shall  be  a cur- 
tain wall  between  the  top  of  the 
opening  and  the  ceiling  line  of  at 
least  three  feet.  The  opening  shall 
be  provided  with  approved  automatic 
self-closing  standard  fireproof  doors 
on  fioth  sides  of  the  wall. 

Public  Stairhalls  Inclosed  How 
Sec.  152.  Public  stairhalls  and 
cellar  stairs  in  apartment  blocks,  or 


tenement  buildings,  siball  be  inclosed, 
by  brick  walls,  or  walls  of  incom- 
bustible materials  of  equal  fire  re- 
sisting capacity,  and  openings  to 
separate  apartments  or  tenements 
shall  be  by  approved  fire  doors,  and 
no  transom  shall  be  allowed. 

Walls  of  Light  Shafts  How  Construc- 
ted— Two  Feet  Above  Roof 

Sec.  153.  In  every  building  here- 
after erected  or  altered,  all  walls  or 
partitions  forming  interior  light  or 
vent  shafts,  shall  be  constructed  of 
brick  or  of  other  incombustible  ma- 
terials, approved  by  the  Building 
Inspector. 

The  walls  of  all  light  or  vent 
shafts,  whether  pxterior  or  interior, 
shall  extend  at  least  two  feet  above 
the  roof,  shall  be  of  brick,  hollow 
tile  or  other  fireproof  material  ap- 
proved by  the  Building  Inspector, 
and  covered  with  a ventilating  sky- 
light with  openings  equal  to  area  of 
shaft. 

Shaft  Windows — Supports  of  Shafts 

Sec.  154.  The  windows  in  said 
shafts  shall  have  metal  frames  and 
sash  and  wire  glass.  Ceiling  lights 
under  shafts  shall  have  wire  glass  in 
metal  frame.  Where  shafts  start 
above  the  first  floor,  they  shall  be 
supported  by  steel  beams. 

Walls  of  Dumb  Waiters,  etc. 

Sec.  155.  Walls  of  dumb  waiter, 
clothes  sliutes,  or  other  similar 
shafts  must  be  built  of  or  lined  with 
incombustible  material,  and  shall  be 
provided  with  an  approved  metal 
clad  door  at  each  opening. 

Ash  Fits 

Sec.  15  6.  All  receptacles  for  ash- 
es shall  be  of  galvanized  iron,  brick, 
or  other  incombustible  material. 
When  the  ash  pit  is  located  in  a base- 
ment or  cellar,  it  shall  have  brick 
walls  at  least  eight  inches  in  thick- 
ness, and  if  the  fioor  over  the  same 
is  of  wood,  such  pit  Shall  be  covered 
over  with  either  brick,  arching  stone, 
or  concrete  not  less  than  four  inches 
thick  with  four  inches  of  air  space 
between  the  covering  of  pit  and  the 
ceiling,  except  for  pits  built  directly 
under  the  trimmer  arches  of  hearts. 

No  person  shall  store  asihes  on  a 
wooden  floor  or  in  close  proximity  to 


any  woodwork,  whatever. 

Rake  Ovens — How  Installed 

Sec.  158.  Bake  ovens  shall  rest 
on  solid  foundations  or  steel  beams; 
the  sides  and  ends  shall  be  at  least 
two  feet  from  any  woodwork,  and 
the  crown  or  arch  at  least  four  feet 
fiom  ceilings  that  have  wood  joists. 
The  hearth  in  front  of  al'l  bake  ovens 
shall  extend  at  le  .at  three  and  one- 
half  feet  beyond  the  face  thereof.  All 
woodwork  over  ovens  shall  be  pro- 
tected by  plastering  or  metal. 

Shaving  Fils 

Sec.  158.  Shaving  pits  in  all  fac- 
tories where  wood-working  machin- 
ery is  used  shall  be  constructed  of 
brick,  stone,  or  other  incombustible 
.material,  and  shall  be  separated 
from  the  boiler  room  by  standard 
are  doors  with  bottom  sill  at  least 
twelve  inches  above  the  fioor  of 
boiler  room.  All  such  factories  shall 
have  metal  chutes  leading  to  said 
shaving  pits  from  each  wood-work- 
ing machine. 

Walls  of  Kiln  Drys 

Sec.  159.  Walls  of  kiln  drys 
shall  be  constructed  of  brick  or  of 
other  incombustible  materials. 
.Smoke  Houses— Protection — Walls 

Sec.  160.  All  smoke  houses  shall 
be  of  ifireproof  (construction,  with 
brick  walls,  iron  doors  and  brick  or 
metal  roof. 

An  iron  guard  shall  ibe  placed  over 
and  not  less  than  three  feet  above 
the  grate,  and  the  hanging  rails  shall 
be  of  iron,  and  an  iron  grating  shall 
be  placed  under  the  first  row  of 
hanging  rails,  and  be  not  less  than 
eight  feet  above  the  floor  of  the  fire- 
pit. 

The  walls  of  all  smoke  houses 
shall  be  built  at  least  three  feet 
higher  than  the  roof  of  the  building 
in  which  they  are  located,  and  shall  be 
not  less  than  twelve  inches  in  thick- 
ness and  be  coped  with  stone  or  its 
equivalent. 

Walls  of  Drying  Rooms. 

Sec.  161.  All  walls,  ceilings,  and 
partitions  inclosing  drying  rooms, 
when  not  made  of  fireproof  material, 
shall  be  wire  lathed  and  plastered, 
or  covered  with  metal,  tile,  or  other 
hard  incombustile  material. 


\ 

21 

feet  in  front  of  it. 


CHAPTER  VIII. 

BOILER,  OVENS,  AND  HEATING 
APPARATUS. 

Flue  Connections 

Sec.  162.  All  boilers,  furnaces, 
fireplaces,  ovens,  and  all  other  heat- 
ing apparatus  mentioned  under  this 
chapter  shall  be  properly  connected 
with  a flue,  chimney,  or  stack  as  di- 
rect and  within  the  shortest  distance 
possible. 

Temporary  Heaters — Installation 

Sec.  163.  Temporary  heaters  foi 
use  during  the  erection  of  buildings 
shall  be  placed  upon  a layer  of  brick 
•jr  a bed  of  sand  four  inches  thick 
with  legs  resting  oh  brick,  and  shall 
not  be  set  within  five  feet  of  any 
woodwork,  and  shall  be  protected 
with  a sheet-iron  pan  underneath, 
projecting  at  least  six  inches  beyond 
the  sides  of  the  heater. 

Brick  Set  Boilers — 10  H.  P.  Portable 
Boilers 

Sec.  164.  No  brick  set  boiler  for 
the  generation  of  hot  water,  or  steam 
for  heating  or  power,  or  any  portable 
power  boiler  or  engine  over  ten 
horse  power,  shall  be  placed  on  any 
wood  or  combustible  beam  or  floor 
Portable  Boilers — Installation — A sh 
Pans — Ash  Pans  in  Front — Wood 

Ceilings  and  Beams  Protected — 
Combustible  Partitions 
Protected. 

Sec.  165.  Wood  or  combustible 
floor  and  beams  under  and  not  less 
than  three  feet  in  front  and  one 
foot  on  the  sides  of  all  portable  boil- 
ers shall  be  protected  by  a suitable 
trick  foundation  of  not  less  than 
tv  o courses  of  brick  well  laid  in 
mortar  on  sheet  iron  and  asbestos 
board;  the  said  sheet  iron  and  as- 
bes;os  shall  extend  at  least  twenty- 
fou**  inches  outside  of  the  foundation 
at  ti  e sides  and  front.  Bearing  lines 
of  brick,  laid  on  flat  with  air  spaces 
between  them,  shall  be  placed  on 
the  foundation  to  support  a cast  iron 
ash  pan  of  suitable  thickness,  on 
which  the  base  of  the  bo'ler  shall  be 
placed,  and  shall  have  a flange  turn- 
ed up  in  the  front  and  on  the  sides, 
four  inches  'high.  Said  pan  be  in 
width  not  less  than  the  base  of  the 
boiler,  and  shall  extend  at  least  two 


If  a boiler  is  supported  on  a cast 
nonbase,  with  the  bottom  of  requir- 
ed thickness  for  an  ash  pan,  and  is 
placed  on  bearing  lines  of  brick  in 
the  same  manner  as  specified  for  an 
ash  pan,  then  an  ash  pan  shall  be 
placed  in  front  of  the  said  base  and 
shall  not  be  required  to  extend  un- 
der it. 

All  wood  ceilings  and  beams  over 
and  lip  to  a distance  of  not  less  than 
four  feet  in  front  of  all  boilers  shall 
be  shielded  with  plaster  or  metal. 
The  distance  from  the  top  of  the 
boiler  to  said  shield  Shall  be  not  less 
than  twelve  inches. 

No  combustible  partition  shall  be 
within  four  feet  of  the  sides  and 
back  and  six  feet  from  the  front  of 
any  boiler,  unless  said  partition  shall 
be  covered  with  metal  over  asbestos 
to  the  height  of  at  least  three  feet 
above  the  floor,  and  shall  extend 
from  the  end  or  hack  of  the  boiler 
to  at  least  five  feet  in  front  of  it; 
then  the  distance  shall  be  not  less 
than  two  feet  from  the  sides  and  five 
feet  from  the  front  of  the  boiler. 
High  Pressure  Boilers  Located 
Where 

Sec.  166.  No  boiler  for  the  gener- 
ation of  more  than  ten  horse  power 
shall  be  placed  in  any  frame  build- 
ing. Boilers  "of  more  than  ten  and 
less  than  seventy-five  horse  power 
shall  not  be  located  within  eight 
feet  of  any  frame  building;  if  more 
than  seventy-five  and  less  than  250 
horse  power,  they  shall  be  at  least 
twenty  feet  distant  from  any  frame 
building,  and  if  of  greater  capacity 
than  250  horse  power,  they  shall  not 
be  less  than  thirty  feet  distant. 
Boiler  and  Fuel  Rooms  'Where  Lo- 
cated— Openings — Roilcr  and 
Fuel  Rooms  in  Buildings 

Sec.  167.  Boiler  and  fuel  rooms 
and  smoke  houses,  which  may  here- 
after be  constructed,  shall  be  located 
not  less  than  eight  feet  distant  from 
any  other  building  and  shall  be  built 
throughout  of  incombustible  mater- 
ial. All  the  openings  to  such  boiler 
and  fuel  rooms  and  smoke  houses,  if 
same  are  located  within  thirty  feet 
of  any  other  building,  shall  have. 


22 


shutters  and  doors  of  metal,  or  wood 
covered  with  metal  on  both  sides  and 
edges. 

Boiler  and  fuel  rooms,  when  con- 
structed in  buildings,  shall  be  sep- 
arately inclosed  in  brick  walls  so  ar- 
ranged that  all  openings  between 
them  and  other  parts  of  the  building 
will  be  securely  closed  with  fire 
doors  at  the  end  of  each  day’s  work. 
Boiler  Rooms,  etc.,  Not  Provided  for 
in  Code  Board  to  Prescribe 

Sec.  1G8.  If  any  question  should 
arise  relating  to  boiler  rooms,  fuel 
rooms,  and  rooms  containing  gas  or 
gasoline  engines,  for  which  there  is 
no  provision  in  this  Code,  the  Build- 
ing Inspector  shall  have  full  power 
to  act,  and  his  decision  in  the  matter 
shall  be  of  the  same  effect  as  if  con- 
tained in  this  Code. 

Brick  Set  Hot  Air  Furnaces — Covers 
— Walls 

Sec.  169.  All  brick  set  hot  air 
furnaces  shall  have  two  covers,  with 
an  air  space  of  at  least  four  inches 
between  them;  the  inner  cover  of 
the  hot  air  chamber  shall  be  either 
a brick  arch  or  two  courses  of  brick 
laid  on  galvanized  iron  or  tin,  sup- 
ported on  iron  bars;  tbe  outside  cov- 
er, which  is  the  top  of  the  furnace, 
shall  he  made  of  brick  or  metal  sup- 
ported on  iron  bars,  and  so  con- 
structed as  to  be  perfectly  tight,  and 
shall  be  not  less  than  twelve  inches 
below  any  combustible  ceiling  or 
floor  beams. 

The  walls  of  the  furnace  shall  be 
built  hollow  in  the  following  man- 
ner; one  inner  and  one  outer  wall, 
each  four  inches  in  thickness,  prop- 
erly bonded  together,  with  an  air 
space  of  not  less  than  two  inches 
between  them. 

Portable  Hot  Air  Furnaces — Instal- 
lation 

Sec.  170.  All  portable  hotair  fur- 
naces shall  have  a double  cased 
jacket  of  not  less  than  No.  26  iron 
from  the  base  to  the  top  of  casting, 
with  an  air  space  of  at  least  one 
Inch  between,  and  shall  be  placed 
at  least  two  feet  from  any  wood  or 
combustible  partition  or  ceiling,  un- 
less the  partitions  and  ceilings  are 
properly  protected  by  a metal  shield, 


when  the  distance  shall  not  be  less 
than  one  foot. 

Wood  Floors  Protected 

Wood  floors  under  all  portable 
furnaces  shall  be  protected  by  two 
courses  of  brick  work  well  laid  in 
mortar  on  sheet  iron.  Said  brick 
work  shall  extend  at  least  two  feet 
beyond  the  furnace  in  front  of  the 
ash  pan  and  lower  course  'bricks 
shall  be  spaced  so  as  to  allow  ven- 
tilation. 

Cold  Air  Boxes — Construction 

Sec.  171.  The  cold  air  boxes  of 
?11  hot  air  furnaces  shall  be  made 
cf  metal,  brick,  or  other  incombusti- 
ble material,  for  a distance  at  least 
ten  feet  from  the  furnace,  and  shall 
be  so  constructed  as  to  be  kept  free 
from  dust. 

Changes  in  Heating  Appliances 

Sec.  172.  In  cases  where  hot  wa- 
ter, steam,  hot  air,  or  other  heating 
appliances  or  furnaces  are  hereafter 
placed  in  any  building,  or  flues  or 
fireplaces  are  changed  or  enlarged, 
clue  notice  shall  first  be  given  to 
the  Building  Inspector  by  the  person 
cr  persons  placing  the  said  furnace 
or  furnaces  in  said  building,  or  by 
the  contractor  or  superintendent  of 
laid  work. 

Kitchen  Range  — Wood  to  be 
Protected — Ranges  on  Combusti- 
ble Floors — Wood  Ceilings 
Guarded — Ventilating  Hood 
Over  Ranges 

Sec.  173.  Where  a kitchen  range 
is  placed  within  six  inches  of  a wood 
wainscot  or  wood  partition,  the  said 
wood-work  should  be  shielded  with 
metal  from  the  floor  to  the  height  of 
not  less  than  two  feet  higher  than 
the  range. 

All  ranges  on  wood  or  combufitible 
floors  and  beams  that  are  not  sup- 
ported on  legs  and  have  ash  pans 
three  inches  or  more  above  their 
base,  shall  be  set  on  zinc  or  brick 
or  cement  foundations. 

'No  range  shall  be  placed  against 
a furred  wall. 

All  wood  ceilings  over  all  large 
ranges,  and  ranges  in  hotels  and 
restaurants,  shall  be  guarded  by 
metal  hoods  placed  at  least  nine  In- 
ches below  the  (ceiling. 


i 


A ventilating  pipe  connected  with 
a hood  over  a range  shall  be  at  least 
nine  inches  from  all  lath  and  plaster 
or  woodwork  and  shielded.  If  the 
pipe  is  less  than  nine  inches  from 
lath  and  plaster  and  woodwork,  then 
the  pipe  shall  be  covered  with  one- 
half  inch  of  asbestos  plaster  or 
other  incombustible  covering.  No 
ventilating  pipe  connected  with  a 
hood  over  a range  shall  pass 
through  any  floor  unless  protected. 

Laundry  Stoves — I nstallation 

Sec.  174.  Laundry  stoves  on  wood 
or  combustible  floors  shall  have  zin: 
or  a course  of  brick,  laid  on  metal, 
on  the  floor  under  and  extended 
twenty-four  inches  on  all  sides  of 
them.  All  stoves  for  cooking  and 
•heating  purposes,  shall  be  properly 
supported  on  iron  legs  resting  on  the 
floor  one  foot  from  all  lath  and  plas- 
ter or  two  feet  from  woodwork;  if 
the  lath  and  plaster  or  woodwork  is 
properly  protected  by  a metal  shield 
then  the  distance  shall  be  not  less 
than  one  foot  A metal  shield  shall 
be  placed  under  and  twelve  inches 
in  front  of  the  ash  pan  of  all  stoves 
that  are  placed  on  wood  floors. 

Tjow  Gas  Stoves — Open  Gas  Stoves — 

Gas  Burners  Prohibited  When 
— Vent  Pipes 

Sec.  175.  All  low  gas  stoves  shall 
be  placed  on  iron  stands,  or  the 
burners  shall  be  at  least  six  inches 
above  the  base  of  the  stove,  and 
metal  guard  plates  placed  four  inch- 
es below  the  burners,  and  all  wood- 
work under  them  s/ball  be  covered 
with  metal.  Open  gas  stoves  shall 
be  isolated  in  the  same  manner  as 
provided  for  stoves;  if  properly  air 
insulated  within  themselves,  shall  be 
placed  two  feet  distant  from  all  un- 
protected woodwork,  or  one-foot 
from  plastered  stud  partitions. 

The  use  of  gas  burners  or  heaters, 
located  in  a floor-system  under  an 
open  register,  or  on  the  outside  of 
the  firepot  of  any  hot  air  furnace,  in 
which  the  products  of  combustion 
are  allowed  to  escape  into  a room, 
is  hereby  'prohibited,  and  all  such 
burners  or  heaters  so  located  shall 
be  removed  within  forty  days  after 
♦be  passage  of  this  Code. 


Gas  Log,  Grate,  Etc. 

Sec.  176.  No  gas  log,  gas  grate, 
or  other  fireplace  heater  shall  he 
installed  in  any  building  except  in  a 
brick  fireplace  connected  with  a 
chimney  flue,  unless  in  the  opinion 
of  the  Building  Inspector  a fireplace 
and  flue  are  unnecessary. 

Core  and  Annealing  Ovens — Instal- 
lation. 

Sec.  177.  All  core  and  annealing 
ovens,  or  any  portable  smelting  fur- 
naces, shall  be  set  on  incombustible 
hearths  with  an  air  space  of  at  least 
five  inches  between  hearths  and  the 
bottom  of  such  ovens  or  furnaces. 
The  construction  of  hearths  and 
protection  of  surrounding  woodwork 
shall  he  the  same  as  prescribed  for 
portable  boilers,  or  hot  air  furnaces. 

CHAPTER  IX. 

STOVE  AND  SMOKE  PIPES. 
Stove  and  Smoke  Pipes  Nine  Inches 
From  Woodwork 

Sec.  178.  No  stove  or  smoke 
pipe  or  any  pipe  conducting  the 
products  of  combustion  from  any 
range,  oven,  or  heater  shall  be  con- 
cealed in  any  wood  partition  or  be 
placed  nearer  than  nine  inches  to 
an  unprotected  lath  and  plaster  or 
hoard  partition,  ceiling,  or  any 
woodwork. 

*<arge  Smoke  Pipes  Twenty  Inches 

From  Woodwork — Extra  Large 
Smoke  Pipes  Three  Feet 
From  Woodwork 

Sec.  179.  Smoke  pipes  of  greater 
diameter  than  twelve  inches  and  less 
area  than  six  square  feet,  must  be 
at  least  twenty  inches  from  any 
woodwork,  unless  the  same  is  prop- 
erly protected  by  a shield,  in  which 
case  the  distance  shall  not  be  less 
than  twelve  inches. 

Smoke  pipes  of  larger  area  than 
six  square  feet  shall  be  kept  at  least 
three  feet  distant  from  any  woodwork, 
unless  the  same  is  properly  protected 
by  a shield,  in  which  case  the  dis- 
tance shall  not  be  less  than  eighteen 
inches. 

Metal  Shields — Size. 

Sec.  180.  The  metal  shields  pres- 
cribed in  the  previous  section  shall 
be  at  least  twice  the  diameter  of  the 
pipe  in  width  and  shall  have  a ven- 


24 


tilated  air  &pace  of  at  least  one  in!ch 
between  shield  and  woodwork. 

Sec.  181.  No  wood  casing,  fur- 
ring, or  lath  shall  be  placed  against 
or  cover  any  smoke  flue  or  metal 
pipe  used  to  convey  hot  air  or  steam. 
No  Wood  Around  Flues,  etc. — Smoke 
Pipes  of  Large  Stoves 
Seic.  182.  Smoke  pipes  of  large 
laundry  stoves,  large  cooking  ranges,  | 
and  of  furnaces  shall  not  be  less 
than  fifteen  inches  from  any  wood- 
work, unless  they  are  properly 
guarded  by  metal  shields;  if  so 
guarded  such  pipes  shall  be  not  less 
than  nine  inches  distant. 

Smoke  Pipes  Through  Roofs — Roof 
Protected- — Thimble 
Sec.  183.  No  smoke  pipe  shall 
pass  through  the  wooden  roof  of  any 
building  unless  a special  permit  be 
first  obtained  from  the  Building  In- 
spector for  the  same.  If  a permit  is 
so  granted,  then  the  roof  through 
which  the  smoke  pipe  passes  shall 
be  protected  in  the  following  man- 
ner: A galvanized  iron  ventilated 

thimble  of  the  following  dimensions 
shall  be  placed:  in  case  of  a stove 
pipe,  the  diameter  of  the  outside 
guard  shall  be  not  less  thah  twelve 
inches,  and  the  diameter  of  the  in- 
ner guard  eight  inches  larger  than  the 
smoke  pipe,  and  for  all  furnaces,  or 
where  similar  large  hot  fires  are 
used,  the  diameter  of  the  outside 
guard  shall  be  not  less  than  eighteen 
inches  and  the  diameter  of  the  in- 
ner one,  twelve  inches  larger  in 
diameter  than  pipe.  The  smoke  pipe 
thimbles  shall  extend  from  the  un- 
der side  of  the  ceiling  or  roof  beams 
to  at  least  nine  im^ies  above  the  roof, 
and  they  shall  have  openings  for 
ventilation  at  the  top  of  the  guards 
above  the  roof. 

Where  a smoke  pipe  of  a boiler 
passes  through  a wooden  roof,  the 
same  shall  be  guarded  by  a ventila- 
ted thimble  same  as  before  specified, 
thirty-six  inches  larger  than  the 
diameter  of  the  smoke  pipe  of  the 
boiler. 

Smoke  Pipe  Through  Wood  Parti- 
tions— Smoke  Pipes  Connected 
With  Flue 

Sec.  184.  Where  smoke  pipes 


pass  through  a wood  or  plastered 
partition,  or  furred  wall,  or  floor, 
they  shall  be  surrounded  either  by 
a body  of  hard,  incombustible  ma- 
terial, measuring  at  least  four  inch- 
es all  around  such  smoke  pipe,  or 
they  shall  be  surrounded  'by  a dou- 
ble safety  thimble  of  sheet  metal 
made  of  two  concentric  rings  of 
sheet  metal  -at  least  one  inch  apart, 
and  the  entire  thimble  so  construct- 
ed that  there  will  be  a circulation  of 
air  beween  the  two  rings  forming 
same. 

No  smoke  pipe  shall  project 
through  an  external  wall  unless  con- 
nected with  a chimney  or  metal 
stalck  carried  above  the  roof. 

Pipes  For  Hot  Air — Construction 

Sec.  185.  Where  pipes  are  used 
for  the  distribution  of  hot  air  from 
hot  air  furnaces  in  buildings,  such 
pipes  must  be  made  of  metal  and 
double,  the  space  betweeen  the  two 
metal  pipes  shall  be  at  least  three- 
eighths  inch;  such  pipes  shall  'be 
made  with  air  tight  joints  and  be 
securely  fastened  to  the  partitions 
through  which  they  pass  or  in  lieu 
thereof  the  pipes  may  be  covered 
with  asbestos  paper,  weighing  not 
less  than  fourteen  pounds  per  one 
hundred  square  feet,  thoroughly 
pasted  to  pipes  and  also  wired  every 
two  feet  with  copper  wire,  and  the 
studs  and  other  woodwork  within 
one  inch  of  the  pipe  shall  be  lined 
with  bright  tin,  and  the  pipes  shall 
be  covered  with  metal  lathing  or 
plaster  board. 

Openings  For  Registers 

Seic.  186.  The  openings  in  floors 
for  hot  air  registers  shall  be  sur- 
rounded with  borders  of  incombus- 
tible material,  not  less  than  two  in- 
ches wide,  firmly  and  securely  set 
in  place.  The  register  boxes'  shall 
be  double,  the  distance  between  the 
two  thicknesses  of  tin  being  at  least 
one  inch,  or  they  can  be  single  if 
covered  with  asbestos  paper  and 
woodwork  lined  with  tin  in  a similar 
manner  to  that  specified  in  the  para- 
graph for  the  pipes. 


25 


V 


CHAPTER  X. 

CHIMNEYS,  FLUES,  AND  FIRE- 
PLACES. 

Foundations — How  Built 

Sec.  187.  The  foundations  of 
chimneys,  flues  and  stacks,  whether 
inside  or  outside  of  buildings,  or 
whether  connected  with  the  same  or 
isolated,  shall  be  designed  and  built 
in  conformity  with  the  provisions  re- 
lating ,to  foundations  of  buildings. 
Chimney  Construction 
Sec.  188.  All  chimneys  shall  be  I 
built  of  brick,  stone,  or  other  fire- 1 
proof  material.  The  exterior  walls  | 
cf  chimneys  shall  be  at  least  four 
inches  thick  and  constructed  with  a 
suitable  flue  lining  of  terra  cotta,  or 
eight  inch  walls  without  lining  may 
be  used. 

Chimneys  Corbeled 
Sec.  189.  No  chimney  or  fire 
place  shall  be  corbeled  from  a wall 
more  than  four  inches,  or  be  hung 
from  a wall  less  than  twelve  inches 
thick  unless  it  projects  equally  on 
each  side  of  the  wall;  nor  shall  a 
chimney  or  fire  place  rest  upon  any 
wooden  floor  or  beam. 

Walls  of  Chimneys — Piers  of  Chim- 
neys— Chimneys  Cut  Off 
Sec.  190.  The  walls  of  all  chim- 
neys shall  rest  upon  footings  at  or 
below  the  level  of  the  ground,  or 
upon  a continuous  support  of  mason- 
ry or  metal  extending  to  footing  as 
above  stated;  provided,  however, 
that  on  written  permission  of  the 
Building  Inspector,  chimneys  may  be 
built  upon  a footing  or  flooring  of 
masonry  or  concrete  supported  by 
iron  beams  which  have  secure  bear- 
ings on  masonry,  iron,  or  steel  at 
both  ends. 

Where  chimneys  are  supported  by 
piers,  the  piers  shall  start  from  the 
foundation. 

When  a chimney  is  to  be  cut  off 
below,  in  whole  or  in  part,  it  shall 
be  wholly  supported  by  stone,  brick, 
iron,  or  steel. 

Dangerous  Chimneys 
Sec.  191.  All  chimneys  which 
shall  be  dangerous  in  any  manner 
whatever,  shall  be  repaired  and 
made  safe,  or  taken  down. 


Smoke  Flues  Size 
Sec.  192.  No  smoke  flue  shall  be 
less  than  eight  inches  by  eight 
inches. 

All  smoke  flues  shall  be  pro- 
portioned to  the  volume  of  gases  to 
pass  through  the  same. 

Flue  Connections  Limited 
Sec.  193.  Not  more  than  two 
stoves  or  two  furnaces  shall  be  con- 
nected with  an  eight  inch  by  eight 
inch  flue,  nor  more  than  four  stoves 
cr  three  furnaces  with  an  eight  inch 
by  twelve  inch  flue. 

Smoke  Pipes  Entering  Flues 
Sec.  194.  Where  smoke  pipes  en- 
ter flues,  the  brick  work  must  bo 
corbeled  out  to  the  face  cf  the  studs; 
the  part  thus  corbeled  out  shall  not 
be  less  than  sixteen  inches  by  sixteen 
inches,  but  in  no  case  shall  such  cor- 
beling exceed  the  thickness  of  the 
wall. 

Terra  Cotta  Crocks 
Sec.  195.  Terra  cotta  crocks  shall 
be  inserted  for  receiving  all  smoke 
pipes. 

Chimney  Tops  Above  Roofs 
Sec.  196.  Tops  of  chimneys  shall 
extend  at  least  three  feet  above  flat 
roofs,  and  as  high  as  the  main  ridge 
or  pitched  roofs,  except  that  chim- 
neys at  or  near  the  ridge  shall  ex- 
tend to  at  least  two  feet  above  the 
r'dge. 

Fireplaces  and  Chimneys  to  Have 
Joints  Smooth  or  Lined 
Sec.  197.  All  fireplaces  and  chim- 
'neys  in  stone  or  brick  walls  in  any 
building  hereafter  erected,  except  a* 
herein  otherwise  provided,  and  any 
chimney,  or  flue  hereafter  altered  or 
repaired,  without  reference  to  the 
purpose  for  which  they  may  be  used, 
shall  have  the  joints  struck  smooth 
cm  the  inside,  except  when  lined  on 
the  inside  with  well-burnt  clay  or 
tfrra  cotta  pipe. 

Size  of  Fireplaces 
Sec.  198.  All  fireplaces  shall  be 
at  least  twenty-four  inches  wide,  and 
the  hearth  shall  extend  at  least 
twelve  inches  beyond  the  opening  on 
each  side,  and  at,  least  eighteen 
inches  in  front. 

Fireplace  Fire  Backs 
' Sec.  199.  The  fire  backs  of  all 


• 26 

fire  places  hereafter  erected  shall  he 
not  less  than  eight  inches  in  thick- 
ness of  solid  brickwork,  nor  less 
than  twelve  inches  if  of  stone. 

Grate  in  Fireplace 

Sec.  200.  When  a grate  is  set  in 
a fireplace,  a lining  of  fire  brick,  at 
least  two  inches  in  thickness,  shall 
be  added  to  the  fi rehack,  unless  soap 
stone,  tile,  or  cast  iron  is  used. 

Walls  of  High  Pressure  Boiler  Flues 

Sec.  2 Oil.  The  walls  of  all  high 
pressure  boiler  flues  shall  be  not 
less  than  twelve  inches  thick,  and 
the  inside  four  inches  of  such  walls 
shall  be  fire  brick,  laid  in  fire  mor- 
tar, for  a distance  of  twenty-five  feet 
from  the  source  of  heat. 

Double  Walls  For  Smoke  Flues — 
When 

Sec.  202.  All  smoke  flues  of 
smelting  furnaces  or  of  steam  boil- 
ers, or  other  apparatus  which  heat 
the  flues  to  a very  high  temperature, 
shall  be  built  with  double  walls  of 
suitable  thickness  with  an  air  space 
between  the  walls;  the  inside  four 
inches  of  the  flues  shall  be  of  fire 
brick,  'laid  in  fire  mortar,  for  a dis- 
tance of  not  less  than  twenty-five 
feet  from  the  source  of  'heat. 

Smoke  Flues  For  Existing  Buildings 

Sec.  203.  For  any  now  existing 
brick  buifding,  where  it  becomes 
necessary  to  provide  a smoke  flue  of 
larger  size  than  any  flue  within  the 
building, -such  flue  may  be  placed  on 
the  outside  of  the  building,  and  be 
made  round  in  shape  and  of  Sheet 
metal  not  less  than  one-eighth  of  an 
inch  in  thickness,  properly  riveted 
together  at  all  joints,  and  carried  up 
to  a height  not  less  than  ten  feet 
above  the  roof,  and  be  properly 
braced  at  intervals  for  its  entire 
length,  with  flat  iron  bands  secured 
with  expansion  bolts  to  the  wall, 
leaving  a free  air  space  of  not  less 
than  four  inches  between  the  out- 
side of  the  metal  flue  and  the  brick 
wall  of  the  building,  and  have  a 
clean-out  door  at  the  bottom.  This 
metal  flue  shall  rest  on  a suitable 
cast  iron  plate  at  the  bottom,  sup- 
ported on  a suitable  foundation  of 
masonry. 


Iron  Cupola  Chimneys 

Sec.  204.  Iron  cupola  chimneys  of 
foundries  shall  extend  at  least  ten 
feet  above  the  highest  point  of  any 
roof  within  a radius  of  fifty  feet  of 
such  cupola,  and  be  covered  on  top 
with  a heavy  wire  netting,  and 
capped  with  a suitable  spark  ar- 
rester. 

No  woodwork  shall  be  placed 
within  two  feet  of  the  cupola. 
Trimmer  Arches  For  Fireplaces — 

Size — Length — Wood  Centers  Re- 
moved 

Sec.  205.  All  fireplaces  and  chim- 
ney breasts  whether  intended  for 
ordinary  fireplace  uses  or  not,  shall 
have  trimmer  arches  to  support 
hearths,  and  no  woodwork  shall  be 
used  under  such  arches. 

The  said  arches  shall  be  at  least 
eighteen  inches  in  width,  measured 
from  the  face  of  the  chimney  breast, 
and  they  shall  be  constructed  of 
brick,  stone,  burnt-clay,  or  concrete. 

The  length  of  a trimmer  arch  shall 
be  not  less  than  the  width  of  the 
chimney  breast. 

Wood  centers  under  trimmer 
arches  shall  be  removed  before  plas- 
tering the  ceiling  underneath. 

Heaters  in  Fireplaces 

Sec.  206.  If  a heater  is  placed  in 
a fireplace,  then  the  hearth  shall  be 
six  inches  wider  than  the  full  width 
of  the  heater. 

All  fireplaces  in  which  heaters  are 
placed  shall  have  incombustible 
mantels. 

Sec.  207.  No  wood  mantel  or 
other  woodwork  shall  be  exposed 
back  of  a summer  piece;  the  iron 
work  of  the  summer  piece  shall  be 
placed  against  the  brick  or  stone 
work  of  the  fireplace. 

Summer  Pieces 

Sec.  208.  No  fireplace  shall  be 
closed  with  a wood  fire  board. 

CHAPTER  XI. 

FRAME  BUILDINGS. 

Definition 

Sec.  209.  A frame  building  shall 
be  taken  to  mean  a building  or 
structure  of  which  the  exterior  walls 
shall  be  constructed  of  wood.  Build- 
ings sheathed  with  board  and  par- 
tially or  entirely  veneered  on  the 


n 


outside  with,  four  inches  of  brick 
work  or  other  masonry  shall  be 
deemed  frame  buildings.  Wood 
frames  covered  with  metal  shall  be 
leemed  frame  buildings. 

Location  on  Lot 

Sec.  210.  Frame  buildings  shall 
be  located  or  built  not  less  than  two 
feet  from  the  side  lines  of  the  lot 
upon  which  the  same  is  located, 
when  such  building  is  one  story  in 
height;  and  at  least  three  feet  from 
said  lot  lines  for  buildings  two 
stories  in  height,  and  at  least  four 
feet  from  said  lot  lines  for  buildings 
three  stories  in  height. 

Height 

Sec.  211.  No  frame  building 
shall  be  hereafter  erected  or  altered 
over  three  stories  in  height,  or  to  be 
occupied  by  more  than  four  families. 
But  nothing  herein  shall  be  taken  to 
prevent  the  construction  of  blocks  of 
frame  buildings  separated  by  fire 
walls  as  specified  in  this  Code. 

Middle  Posts  Required  When 

Sec.  212.  In  all  frame  buildings 
that  exceed  twenty-four  feet  in 
depth,  there  shall  be  a middle  post 
#on  each  side  four  inches  by  six  inches 
in  one  continuous  length,  and  if 
buildings  exceed  twenty  feet  in 
width,  there  shall  also  be  a post  the 
same  as  above. 

Structural  Members 

Sec.  213.  All  beams,  girders,  col- 
umns, trusses,  and  other  structural 
members  shall  be  proportioned  of 
sufficient  strength  to  sustain  the  load 
to  be  supported.  In  all  cases  suit- 
able provisions  shall  be  made  to 
take  up  and  properly  distribute  the 
stresses  due  to  concentrated  or  ec- 
centric loading,  and  also  to  prevent 
danger  from  horizontal  or  vertical 
deflection  or  the  buckling  or  shear 
of  the  members. 

Fire  Stops 

Sec.  214.  The  space  between  tne 
studs  on  the  to<p  of  first  floor  joists 
of  outside  and  inside  walls  of  all 
frame  buildings  shall  be  closed  wit! 
two  inch  fire  stops,  shutting  off  all 
spaces.  On  all  the  other  floors  of 
frame  buildings  constructed  with  a 
board  girt,  the  spaces  on  the  under 
side  and  also  on  top  of  joists  shall 


be  filled  with  a fire  stop  not  less 
tnan  two  inches  thick,  securely  fast- 
ened and  properly  fitted  to  fill  voids 
between  outside  studding. 
Woodbeams  in  Buildings  of  Incom- 
bustible Construction 
Sec.  215.  All  wood  beams  and 
other  timbers  in  any  wall  of  a build- 
ing built  of  stone,  brick,  concrete,  or 
iron,  shall  be  separated  from  the 
beam  or  timber  entering  in  the  oppo- 
site side  of  the  wall  by  at  least  four 
inches  of  solid  mason  work;  such 
separation  may  he  obtained  by  cor- 
beling or  by  staggering  the  beams. 
Beams  and  Timbers  Cut  For  Pipes — 
Carpenter  to  Direet  Cutting 
Sec.  216.  No  beams  or  other  tim- 
bers shall  be  cut  for  pipes  or  tubes 
in  any  manner  which  shall  impair 
the  strength  of  the  timbers;  and  in 
no  case  shall  they  be  cut  further 
from  the  bearings  than  twice  the 
depth  of  the  timber.  When  studs 
are  cut  more  than  one-third  their 
depth,  they  shall  be  reinforced.  All 
cutting  shall  be  done  by  or  under 
the  direction  of  the  carpenter.  Joints 
shall  be  bored  near  the  middle  for 
pipes,  when  it  is  impossible  to  place 
them  as  above  provided. 

Drawings  and  Strain  Sheets  When 
Furnished 

Sec.  217.  Drawings  of  all  trusses 
and  special  or  unusual  framing 
sizes  of  members,  shall  be  submitted 
with  plans  and  specifications  to  the 
Building  Inspector  if  requested  and, 
when  required  by  Building  Inspect- 
or, a strain  sheet  showing  stresses  in 
truss  members  shall  also  be  sub- 
mitted. 

Interior  Studding 
Sec.  218.  0 All  interior  studding 
shall  be  but  one  story  in  height,  set 
on  caps  or  soles,  except  where  parti- 
tions are  over  girders;  the  studding 
shall  be  seated  on  the  girders  and 
have  caps  not  less  than  three  inches 
thick  with  two  inch  fire  stops  at  each 
story. 

Wood  Trimmer  and  Header  Beanie 
Sec.  219.  All  wood  trimmed  and 
header  beams  shall  be  proportioned 
to  carry  with  safety  the  loads  they 
are  intended  to  sustain. 


28 


3£nds  oi  Tail  Beams — Beams  Bev- 
elled Back 

Sec.  220.  The  ends  of  all  tail 
beams  shall  be  properly  framed  or 
thoroughly  spiked  into  the  header 
beams. 

The  ends  of  all  beams  buried  in 
/masonry  walls  shall  be  bevelled  back 
not  less  than  three  inches 

Joist  Hangers- — AValls  Anchored 

Sec.  221.  In  all  eight  inch  divi- 
sion walls,  joists  shall  not  rest  in 
the  wall,  but  shall  be  supported  upon 
approved  joist  hangers,  unless  the 
wall  is  corbeled  so  as  to  keep  the 
ends  of  joists  four  inches  apart. 

Walls  shall  b^  anchored  to  ends  of 
joists  every  five  or  six  feet  by 
wrought  iron  anchors  not  less  than 
one-quarter  of  an  inch  by  one  and 
one-half  an  inch-,  and  not  less  than 
sixteen  inches  long. 

Walls  running  parallel  to  joists 
shall  be  anchored  by  similar  anchors 
extending  over  two  joists. 

Wall  Plates 

Sec.  222.  Wall  plates  shall  be 

anchored  to  walls  every  five  or  six 
feet. 

Woodwork  1 Inch  From  Chimney 

Sec.  223.  No  timber  or  other 
woodwork  shall  he  placed  within  one 
inch  of  the  outside  of  the  wall  of 
any  chimney  or  flue. 

Girder  Ends  Air  Space 

Sec.  224.  The  ends  of  girders 
buried  in  walls  shall  have  an  air 
space  around  them. 

Wood  Floor  and  Roof  Beams 
Bridged 

Sec.  225.  All  wood  floor  and 
wood  roof  beams  shall  be  properly 
bridged  with  cross  bridging,  and  the 
distance  between  bridging  or  be- 
tween 'bridging  and  walla^  shall'  not 
<exc'eed  eight  feet. 

No  Wood  Posts  in  Cellars 

Sec.  2 2 6.  Wood  posts  will  not  be 
allowed  in  cellars  of  any  buildings 
over  two  stories  in  height. 

Sills 

Sec.  227.  Sills  in  frame  buildings 
shall  not  be  less  than  four  inches  by 
six  inches. 

Girders 

Sec.  228.  Girders  shall  not  bej 
less  than  six  inches  by  six  inches  and  j 


shall  be  of  sufficient  strength  to 
carry  the  superimposed  load. 

Temporary  1-Story  Building 

Sec.  22  9.  Temporary  one-story 
frame  buildings  may  be  erected  for 
the  uses  of  builders,  within  the  limit 
of  lots  whereon  buildings  are  in 
course  of  erection,  or  on  adjoining 
vacant  lots  without  a permit  by 
Building  Inspector. 

Temporary  structures  shall  also 
include  platforms,  stands,  election 
booths,  and  tents. 

Sheds 

Sec.  230.  Sheds  of  wood  not  over 
fifteen  feet  high,  open  on  at  least 
one  side,  may  also  be  built,  but  a 
fence  shall  not  be  used  as  the  hack 
or  side  thereof. 

Such  sheds  may  be  built  in  isolat- 
ed localities  under  such  conditions 
as  the  Building  Inspector  may  pres- 
cribe. 

Fences 

Sec.  231.  Fences  of  wood  shall 
not  be  erected  over  ten  feet  high, 
above  the  surface  of  the  ground,  and 
shall  be  properly  supported  and 
braced. 

Signs 

Sec.  232.  Signs  of  wood  shall  not 
be  erected  over  two  feet  high  on  any 
building,  but  no  sign  of  wood  shall 
be  placed  above  the  front  wall  or 
cornice  or  roof  of  any  building. 

Sky  Signs 

Sec.  223.  Sky  signs,  or  any  de- 
vice in  the  nature  of  an  advertise- 
ment, announcement,  or  direction, 
constructed  of  sheet  metal  or  wire 
fastened  to  wood  frames  supported 
upon  or  above  or  attached  to  any 
building  shall  be  deemed  to  be  wood 
signs. 

Metal  When  Required 

If  such  sky  signs  shall  exceed  two 
feet  in  height,  they  shall  be  con- 
structed entirely  of  metal,  including 
the  uprights,  supports,  and  braces 
for  same,  and  shall  not  be  more  than 
nine  feet  in  height  above  the  front 
wall  or  cornice  or  roof  of  the  build- 
ing or  structure  to  which  they  are 
attached  or  by  which  they  are  sup- 
ported. 

Permit  For  Signs 

Sec.  234.  Before  any  wood  or 


metal  sign  shall  'be  placed  in  position 
upon,  above  or  attached  to  the  out- 
side of  any  building,  a permit  shall 
first  be  obtained  from  the  Building 
Inspector.  Such  signs  shall  be  30 
constructed,  placed,  and  supported 
as  not  to  be  or  become  dangerous. 

MILL  CONSTRUCTION. 

Definition 

Sec.  23'5.  That  form  of  construc- 
tion in  whioh  heavy  posts  and  gird- 
ers with  wide  spacing  support  floors 
and  roof  of  heavy  planking. 

Size  of  Timbers 

Sec.  236.  In  mill  construction,  no 
timber  shall  be  less  than  six  inches 
in  either  of  its  cross'  dimensions. 

Floor  and  roof  planking  of  more 
than  five  feet  spans  shall  not  be  less 
than  one  and  three-quarter  inches  )n 
thickness. 

Caps  For  Wood  Posts 
Sec.  237.  Wood  posts  shall  have 
iron  or  steel  caps  and  bases  with 
pintle  connections,  or  steel  or  iron 
box  caps  with  projections  for  receiv- 
ing ends  of  girders  made  so  that 
girders  shall  be  self  releasing. 

CHAPTER  XII. 

PUBLIC  BUILDINGS,  THEATRES, 
AND  PLACES  OF  ASSEMBLAGE. 

General  .Statement 
Sec.  238.  In  all  public  buildings, 
or  buildings  of  a public  character, 
such  as  hotels,  churches,  theatres, 
restaurants,  railroad  depots,  public 
halls,  and  other  buildings  used 
or  intended  to  be  used  for  pur- 
poses of  public  assemblage,  amuse- 
ment, or  instruction  where  large 
numbers  of  people  are  congre- 
gated, the  halls,  doors,  stairways, 
seats,  passageways  and  aisles,  and 
all  lighting  and  heating  appliances 
and  apparatus  shall  be  arranged  as 
the  Building  Inspector,  shall  direct 
to  facilitate  egress  in  cases  of  fire  or 
accident,  and  to  afford  the  requisite 
and  proper  accommodation  for  the 
public  protection  in  all  such  cases. 

Aisles  to  be  Unobstructed 
Sec.  239  All  aisle  and  passage-  B 
ways  in  said  buildings  shall  be  kept 
free  from  camp-stools,  chairs, 
benches,  and  other  obstructions,  and 
no  person  other  than  an  employe  or 
policeman  or  fireman  shall  be  al- 


lowed to  stand  in  or  occupy  any  »f 
said  aisles  or  passageways,  .during 
any  performance,  service,  exhibition, 
lecture,  concert,  ball,  or  any  public 
assemblage. 

Inspector  May  Make  Orders. 

Bee.  240.  The  Building  Inspector 
may  at  any  time  serve  a written  or 
printed  notice  upon  the  owner, 
lessee,  or  manager  of  any  of  said 
buildings,  directing  any  act  or  thing 
to  be  done  or  provided  in  or  about 
the  said  buildings  and  the  several 
appliances  therewith  connected  such 
.as  halls,  doors,  stairs,  windows, 
seats,  'aisles,  fire-walls,  fire  appa- 
ratus, and  fire-escapes  as  he  may 
deem  necessary. 

Sec.  241.  Nothing  herein  con- 
tained shall  be  construed  to  author- 
ize or  require  any  other  alterations 
to  theatres  existing  prior  to  the  date 
of  this  Code  than  are  specified  in 
this  chapter. 

Buildings  Subject  to  Provisions 

Sec.  24  2.  Every  theatre  or  opera- 
house,  or  other  building  intended  0 
be  used  for  theatrical  or  entertain- 
ment purposes,  or  for  public  resort 
or  entertainments  of  any  kind,  here- 
after erected,  shall  be  built  to  com- 
ply with  the  requirements >bf  the 
Building  Code  recommended  by  the 
National  Board  of  Fire  Underwrit- 
ers, New  York,  fourth  edition  and 
revised  1915,  and  which  is  hereby 
made  part  of  this  code. 

Staircase 

Sec.  243.  The  staircase  from  the 
upper  balcony  to  the  next  below  shall 
be  not  less  than  thirty  inches  in 
width  in  the  clear,  and  from  the 
first  balcony  to  the  ground,  three 
feet  in  width  in  the  clear,  where  the 
seating  capacity  of  the  auditorium  is 
for  one  thousand  people  or  less, 
three  feet  six  inches  in  the  clear 
'rhere  exceeding  one  thousand  and 
not  more  than  eighteen  hundred, 
four  feet  in  the  clear  where  exceed- 
ing eighteen  hundred  people. 

Number  of  Exits 

Sec.  244.  Every  theatre  or  public 
building  accommodating  three  hun- 
dred persons  shall  have  at  least  two 
exits;  where  accommodating  five 
hundred  persons,  at  least  three  exits 


30 


snail  be  provided. 

Doorways — Width 

Sec.  245.  Doorways  of  exit  or  en- 
trance for  the  use  of  the  public  shall 
be  not  less  than  'live  feet  in  width, 
not  including  the  fire  exit  doorways, 
and  for  every  additional  one  hun- 
dred persons  or  fraction  thereof  in 
excess  of  five  hundred,  to  be  accom- 
modated, an  aggregate  of  twenty 
inches  additional  exit  width  must  be 
provided. 

Doors  Open  Outwardly 
All  doors  of  exit  or  entrance  shall 
open  outwardly  and  be  hung  to 
swing  in  such  a manner  as  not  to 
become  an  obstruction  in  a passage 
or  corridor,  and  no  such  door  shall 
be  closed  or  locked  when  the  build- 
ing is  open  to  the  public. 

CHAPTER  XIII. 

CONCRETE  BLOCKS. 

tfse  of  Concrete  Blocks 
Sec.  24  6.  Hollow  concrete  build- 
ing blocks  may  be  used  for  buildings 
five  stories  or  less  in  height  where 
said  use  is  approved  by  the  Building 
Inspector;  provided,  however,  that 
such  blocks  shall  be  composed  of  at 
least  one  part  of  standard  Portland 
cement,  and  not  to  exceed  five  parts 
of  clean,  coarse,  sharp  sand  or 
gravel,  or  a mixture  of  at  least  one 
part  of  Portland  cement  to  five  parts 
of  crushed  rock  or  other  suitable 
aggregate.  Provided,  further,  that 
this  section  shall  not  permit  the  use 
of  hollow  blocks  in  party  walls.  Said 
party  walls  must  be  built  solid. 

Material 

Sec.  247.  All  material  shall  be 
of  such  fineness  as  to  pass  a one-half 
inch  ring  and  be  free  from  dirt  or 
foreign  matter.  The  material  com- 
posing such  blocks  shall  be  properly 
mixed  and  manipulated,  and  the  hol- 
low space  in  said  blocks  shall  not 
exceed  the  percentage  given  in  the 
following  table  for  different  height 
walls,  and  in  no  case  shall  the  walls 
cr  webs  of  the  block  be  less  in 
thickness  than  one-fourth  of  the 
height.  The  figures  given  in  the  ta- 
ble represent  the  percentage  of  such 
hollow  space  for  different  height 
walls. 


Stories 

1st 

2nd 

3rd 

4th 

5th 

3 and  4 . . . 

. 25 

33 

33 

33 

1 and  2 . . . 

. 33 

33 

5 ... 

. 20 

25 

25 

33 

33 

Thickness  of  Walls 
Sec.  248.  The  thickness  >of  walls 
for  any  building  where  hollow  con- 
crete blocks  are  used  shall  not  be 
less  than  is  required  by  this  Code  of 
brick  walls. 

Hollow  Block  Facing  Bonded  to 
Backing 

Sec.  249.  Where  the  face  only  is 
cf  hollow  concrete  building  blocks, 
and  the  backing  is  of  brick,  the  fac- 
ing of  hollow  concrete  blocks  must 
te  strongly  bonded  to  the  brick 
either  with  headers  * projecting 
four  inches  into  the  brick  work, 
every  fourth  course  being  a heading 
course,  or  with  approved  ties;  no 
brick  backing  shall  be  less  than 
eight  inches.  Where  the  walls  are 
made  entirely  of  hollow  concrete 
blocks,  but  where  said  blocks  have 
not  the  same  width  as  the  wall,  every 
fifth  course  shall  extend  through  the 
wall  forming  a secure  bond.  All 
walls,  where  blocks  are  used,  shall 
be  laid  up  in  Portland  cement  mor- 
tar; two  parts  sand,  one  part  Port- 
land cement. 

Age  Before  Using 
Sec.  250.  All  hollow  concrete 
building  blocks,  before  being  used  in 
the  construction  of  any  building  in 
the  Town  of  Milford,  shall  have  at- 
tained the  age  of  at  least  four  weeks, 
or  one  week,  if  steam  cured  at  least 
thirty-six  hours. 

Blocks  Made  Solid  When 
Sec.  251.  Wherever  gkrders  or 
joists  rest  upon  walls  so  that  there 
is  a concentrated  load  on  the  block 
of  over  one  ton,  the  blocks  support- 
ing the  girder  or  joists  must  be 
made  solid.  Where  such  concen- 
trated load  shall  exceed  three  tons, 
the  blocks  for  two  courses  below  and 
for  a distance  extending  at  least 
eighteen  inches  each  side  of  said 
girder,  shall  be  made  solid.  Where 
the  load  on  the  wall  from  the  girder 
exceeds  five  tons,  the  blocks  for 
three  courses  beneath  it  shall  be 
made  solid  with  similar  material  as 
in  the  blocks.  Wherever  walls  are 


V 


31 

decreased  in  thickness,  the  top 
course  of  the  thicker  shall  be  solid. 

Loads  on  Hollow  Blocks 
Sfec.  252.  Provided,  always,  that 
no  wall,  or  any  part  thereof,  com- 
posed of  hollow  concrete  blocks, 
shall  be  loaded  to  an  excess  of  eight 
tons  per  superficial  foot  of  the  area 
of  such  blocks,  including  the  weight 
of  the  wall,  and  no  blocks  shall  be 
used  that  have  an  average  crushing 
strength  of  less  than  one  thousand 
pounds  per  square  inch  of  area  at  the 
age  of  twenty-eight  days;  no  deducr 
tion  shall  be  made  in  figuring  the 
area  for  the  hollow  spaces. 

Piers  Solid  When 
Sec.  253.  All  piers  and  buttresses 
that  support  loads  in  excess  of  five 
tons,  shall  be  built  of  solid  concrete 
blocks  for  such  distance  below  as 
may  be  required  by  the  Building  In- 
spector. Concrete  lintels  and  sills 
shall  be  reinforced  by  iron  or  steel 
rods  in  a manner  satisfactory  to  the 
Building  Inspector,  and  any  lintels 
spanning  over  four  feet  six  inches  in 
the  clear  shall  rest  on  solid  concrete 
blocks. 

Blocks  to  be  Tested 

Sec.  254.  Provided,  that  no  hol- 
low concrete  building  blocks  shall  be 
used  in  the  construction  of  any 
building  in  the  Town  of  Milford  un- 
less the  maker  of  said  blocks  has 
submitted  the  product  to  the  full 
test  required  by  the  Building  In- 
spector and  placed  on  file  with  said 
Building  Inspector  a certificate  from 
a reliab’e  testing  laboratory  showing 
that  samples  from  the  lot  of  blocks 
to  be  used  have  successfully  passed 
the  requirements  of  the  Building  In- 
spector, and  filing  a full  copy  of  the 
test  with  the  Board. 

Inspector  May  Require  Tests 
Sec.  255.  The  manufacturer  and 
user  of  any  such  hollow  concrete 
blocks,  as  are  mentioned  in  this  reg- 
ulation, or  either  of  them  shall,  at 
any  and  all  times,  have  made  such 
tests  of  the  cements  used  in  making 
such  blocks,  or  such  further  tests  of 
the  completed  blocks,  or  of  each  of 
these,  at  their  own  expense,  and 
vnder  the  supervision  of  the  Build- 
ing Inspector  as  he  shall  require. 


Portland  Cement  Used 

Sec.  256.  The  cement  used  in 
making  said  blocks  shall  he  Portland 
cement,  and  must  be  capable  of  pass- 
ing the  minimum  requirements  as 
set  forth  in  the  “Standard  Specifica- 
tions for  Cement”  by  the  American 
Society  for  Testing  Materials. 
Regulations  Apply  to  New  Materials 
vSec.  257.  These  regulations  shall 
apply  to  all  such  new  materials  as 
are  used  in  building  construction,  in 
the  same  manner  and  for  the  same 
purposes,  as  stone,  brick  and  con- 
crete are  now  authorized  by  the 
Building  Laws,  when  said  new  mate- 
rial to  be  substituted  departs  from 
the  general  shape  apd  dimensions  of 
ordinary  building  brick,  and  more 
particularly  to  that  form  of  building 
material  known  as  “Hollow  Concrete 
Block”  manufactured  from  cement 
and  a certain  addition  of  sand, 
crushed  stone,  or  similar  material. 
Applications  for  Use  of  New  Mate- 
rials 

Sec.  258.  Before  any  such  mate- 
rial is  used  in  buildings,  an  applica- 
tion for  its  use  and  for  a test  of  the 
seme  must  be  filed  with  the  Building 
Inspector.  A description  of  the  ma- 
terial and  a brief  outline  of  its  man- 
ufacture and  proportions  of  the  ma- 
terials used  must  be  embodied  in  the 
application. 

Kinds  of  Tests 

Sec.  259.  The  material  must  be 
subjected  to  the  following  tests: 
Transverse,  Compression,  Absorp- 
tion, Freezing,  and  Fire.  Additional 
tests  may  be  called  for  when,  in  the 
judgment  of  the  Building  Inspector, 
the  same  may  be  necessary.  All 
such  tests  must  be  made  in  some 
laboratory  of  recognized  standing 
under  the  supervision  of  the  Build- 
ing Inspector.  The  tests  will  be 
made  at  the  expense  of  the  applicant. 

Result  of  Tests  Filed 

Sec.  260.  The  results  of  the  tests, 
whether  satisfactory  or  not,  must  be 
filed  with  the  Building  Inspector. 
They  shall  be  open  to  inspection  up- 
on application  to  the  Building  In- 
spector. 

Number  of  Samples  for  Tests 

Sec.  261.  For  the  purposes  of  the 


tests,  at  least  twenty  samples  or  test 
pieces  must  be  provided.  Such  sam- 
ples must  represent  the  ordinary 
commercial  product.  They  may  be 
selected  from  the  stock  by  the  Build- 
ing Inspector  or  his  representative, 
or  may  be  made  in  his  presence,  at 
his  discretion.  The  samples  must  be 
of  the  regular  size  and  shape  used 
in  construction. 

In  cases  where  the  material  is 
made  and  used  in  special  shapes  and 
forms,  too  heavy  for  testing  in  the 
ordinary  machines,  smaller  sized 
specimens  shall  be  used  as  may  be 
d;rected  by  the  Building  Inspector, 
to  determine  the  physical  character- 
istic specified  in  this  chapter. 

When  Tested 

Sec.  262.  The  samples  may  be 
tested  as  soon  as  desired  by  the  ap- 
plicant, but  in  no  case  later  than 
sixty  days  after  manufacture. 

CHAPTER  XIV. 

PLUMBING. 

I.icense — Bond  to  Be  Filed — License 
Fee 

Sec.  263.  Any  person,  persons  or 
corporation  desiring  to  engage  in 
the  business  of  plumbing  as  a master 
plumber,  or  master  plumbers,  before 
receiving  a license  to  do  so,  shall 
file  in  the  office  of  the  Building  In- 
spector, a petition  in  writing,  giving 
the  name  of  the  person,  persons,  firm 
or  corporation,  and  the  place  of  busi- 
ness of  said  person,  persons,  firm  or 
corporation  petitioning  to  become  a 
licensed  master  plumber  or  master 
plumbers,  and  agreeing  that  he  or 
they  will  abide  by  the  rules  and  reg- 
ulations of  the  Building  Inspector 
and  the  town  ordinance.  Before  re- 
ceiving a license  the  applicant  shall 
execute  and  deposit  in  the  office  of 
the  Building  Inspector,  a good  and 
sufficient  bond  payable  to  the  Town 
of  Milford,  to  be  approved  by  sahl 
Building  Inspector,  in  the  sum  of 
$1,000  conditioned  that  said  appli- 
cant will  indemnify  and  save  harm- 
less the  Town  of  Milford  and  the 
Building  Inspector  of  and  from  all 
accidents  or  damages  caused  by  him 
or  them  in  any  work  done  by  virtue 
of  his  or  their  said  license.  Said 
petition  shall  be  accompanied  by  a 


license  fee  of  ten  dollars,  to  be  paid 
into  ihe  treasury  of  the  Town  of  Mil- 
ford, whereupon  said  Building  In- 
spector shall  issue  to  said  applicant 
a license  to  engage  in  the  business 
of  master  plumber  or  master  plumb- 
ers. 

Definitions 

Sec.  264.  The  following  terms 
f hall  have  the  meanings  respectively 
assigned  to  them: 

Repair  of  Leaks  shall  mean  such 
repairs  as  are  necessary  to  protect 
property,  but  do  not  involve  any 
change  in  construction. 

Y Branches  shall  mean  a branch 
of  sufficient  angle  to  direct  the  flow 
and  prevent  backing  up. 

Air  Pipes  or  Back  Air  Pipes  shall 
mean  air  pipes  from  traps  that  ex- 
tend toward  the  main  soil  pipe  or 
the  cuter  air  and  connect  with  not 
more  than  three  traps. 

Vent  Pipes  shall  mean  general 
lines  of  back  air  pipes  connecting 
with  more  than  three  fixtures. 

Drain  shall  mean  that  part  of  the 
drainage  system  of  a building  ex- 
tending through  basement  or  cellar 
to  sewer. 

Soil  Pipe  shall  mean  that  part  of 
the  drainage  system  of  a building, 
of  four  inches  or  more  internal 
diameter,  between  basement  or  cellar 
and  the  highest  fixture  in  the  build- 
ing. 

Ventilation  Pipe  shall  mean  the 
extension  of  the  soil  pipe  from  the 
highest  fixture  to  and  through  the 
rcof. 

Surface  Drain  shall  mean  a con- 
nection wTith  drain  in  the  basement 
to  allow  egress  of  surface  water  or 
overflow. 

Fixture  shall  mean  any  receptacle 
or  outlet  placed  for  the  purpose  of 
disposing  of  waste  water  or  other 
matter  and  connecting  with  the 
waste,  soil,  or  drain  pipe  of  a build- 
ing. 

Permits  Obtained  When 

Sec.  265.  Every  plumber,  before 
doing  any  work  in  any  building,  shall, 
except  in  the  case  of  repair  of  leaks, 
file  in  the  office  of  the  Building  In- 
spector, upon  blanks  for  that  pur- 
pose, an  application  for  a permit, 


V 


and  a plan  or  sketch  of  the  work  to  I brass  ferrules  and  soldering  nipples 
be  performed;  and  no  such  work  shall  jshall  be  full  size  wiped  soldered 


be  done  in  any  building  without  a 
written  permit  from  the  Building  In- 
spector. 

Sewer  Connection — Cesspools 
Sec.  266.  The  plumbing  of  every 
building  shall  be  separately  and  in- 
dependently connected  outside  the 


branch,  round  or  flange  joints.  Soil 
and  waste  pipes  shall  have  proper 
“T-Y”  or  “Y”  branches  for  all  fix- 
ture connections.  No  connections  to 
lead  bends  for  water-closets  or  slop 
sinks  shall  be  permitted,  except  the 
required  back  air  pipe  where  a con- 


building  with  the  public  sewer,  ifjtinuous  vent  is  not  pVacticable. 


such  sewer  is  provided,  or  with  a 
proper  and  sufficient  private  drain  or 
sewer  laid  outside  of  the  building, 
and  if  a sewer  is  not  accessible, 
with  a proper  cesspool  or  sewer  dis- 
posal plant.  Several  buildings  may 
have  a common  sewer  connection  if 
such  connection  is  approved  by  the 
Building  Inspector. 

No  cesspool  or  disposal  plant  shall 
be  placed  nearer  than  15  feet  to  any 
residence. 

Pipes  Inspected  Before  Covered 

Tests 

Sec.  267.  Pipes  or  fixtures  shall 
not  be  covered  or  concealed  from 
view  until  approved  by  the  Building 
Inspector,  who  shall  examine  or  test 
the  same  within  two  working  days 
after  notice  that  they  are  ready  for 
inspection.  Plumbing  shall  not  be 
used  unless  when  roughed  in,  the 
waste,  vents,  and  back  air  pipes]  and 


Earthenware  Traps 
Sec.  269.  All  earthenware  traps 
must  have  heavy  brass  floor  plates, 
soldered  to  the  lead  bends,  or,  where 
brass  or  iron  pipes  are  used,  to  be 
screwed  to  the  same  and  bolted  to 
the  trap  flange,  and  the  joint  to  be 
made  gas  tight  without  the  use  of 
red  or  white  lead  or  any  similar 
substance  or  rubber  washers,  the  use 
of  which,  in  the  making  of  said  con- 
nections, is  hereby  prohibited,  and 
no  device  for  such  connections  will 
be  permitted  to  be  used  unless  it  has 
been  approved  by  the  Building  In- 
spector, 

Traps  Protected  From  Syphonage — 
Air  Pipes  For  Waterciosets — 
Size  of  Air  Pipes 
Sec.  270.  Traps  shall  be  protect- 
ed from  syphonage  or  air  pressure 
by  lead,  galvanized  iron,  or  brass 
air  pipes  of  a size  not  less  than  one 


traps  are  first  tested  by  water  or  suf-|and  one~haIf  inches  for  traps  of  two 
ficient  air  pressure  in  the  presence  linclies  or  Jess»  and’  two  inches  for 
of  an  inspector,  when  such  testing  |traps  lar&er  than  two  inches,  and 


is  practicable. 

After  all  fixtures  are  connected 
and  in  place  the  entire  system  shall 
be  tested  in  the  presence  of  the 
Building  Inspector  or  his  representa- 
tive, by  the  peppermint  test,  smoke 
test  or  other  method  approved 
the  Building  Inspector. 


by 


larger.  Back  air  pipes  shall  con- 
nect with  the  top  of  traps  or  as  near 
the  top  as  practicable. 

Air  pipes  for  water-closet  traps 
shall  be  connected  to  the  highest 
point  of  bend  or  trap,  closet  bend3 
to  be  back-aired  where  there  is 


...  is  more 

■ than  one  closet  in  the  same  line,  and 

Waste  Pipes  to  Have  Separate  Trap  may  ^ °f  two  inch  bore  if  for  no 


* — Bipe  Connections 
Sec.  268.  The  waste  pipe  of  ev- 
ery independent  sink,  basin,  bath 
tub,  water-closet,  slop  hopper,  ur 
inal,  or  other  fixture  shall  be  fur- 
nished  with  a separate  trap,  which 


shall  be  placed 


as  near  as  practi- 


cable  to  the  fixture  which.it  serves. 

All  connections  on  lead  waste  and 
back  air  pipes  and  of  lead  pipes  to 


more  -than  four  fixtures  and  less 
than  forty  feet  in  length;  if  for  more 
than  four  fixtures  or  more  than 
forty  feet  in  length,  they  shall  be 
of  larger  bore. 

Air  pipes  shall  he  run  as  direct 
as  practicable,  and  if  one  and  one- 
half  inches  in  diameter  shall  not  ex- 
ceed thirty  feet  in  length.  Two  or 
more  air  pipes  may  be  connected  to- 
gether or  with  a vent  pipe;  but  in 


34 


every  such  case  the  connection  shall 
he  above  the  top  of  the  highest  lix- 
ture. 

Diameters  of  Vent  Pipes — Vent  Dines 
Sec.  271.  Diameters  of  vent  pipes 
shall  not  be  less  than  two  inches  foi 
main  vents  through  less  than  seven 
stories,  three  inches  for  water- 
closets  on  more  than  three  floors  and 
for  other  fixtures  in  more  than  seven 
stories.  All  vent  pipes  shall  be  in- 
creased one  inch  in  diameter  before 
passing  through  the  roof.  Vent  lines 
shall  be  connected  at  the  bottom 
with  a soil  or  waste  pipe  or  with  the 
drain,  in  such  a manner  as  to  pre- 
vent accumulation  of  rust  scale  and 
properly  to  drip  the  water  of  conden- 
sation. Offsets  shall  be  made  at  an 
angle  of  not  less  than  forty-five  de 
agrees. 

By  approval  of  the  Building  In- 
spector a suitable  non-syphon  trap 
may  be  used  without  back  air  vent- 
ing pipe. 

Soil  Pipes  Supported 

Sec.  272.  Soil  pipes  or  iron  waste 
pipes,  vents  and  back  air  pipes,  shall 
be  supported  by  clamps  to  the  wood- 
work, iron  drive  hooks  to  brick  walls, 
or  bolted  clamps  to  iron  girders. 

Chemical  Laboratories 
Sec.  273.  Fixtures  and  waste 
pipes  in  chemical  laboratories  shall 
be  installed  in  accordance  with  plans 
approved  by  the  Building  Inspector. 

Stable  Fixtures 
Sec.  274.  The  drainage  of  stable 
fixtures  shall  be  constructed  to  plans 
approved  by  the  Building  Inspector 
Superimposed  Fixtures — Batteries 
Sec.  275.  In  buildings  where  a 
series  of  bath-rooms  or  kitchens  are 
located  directly  over  each  other  and 
have  a common  soil  or  waste  pipe, 
the  back  air  pipe  required  shall  be 
a vent  line  connecting  with  each  out 
let  branch  close  to  the  water-closet 
connection  or  outlet  from  the  sink 
trap,  each  branch  vent  to  connect 
with  the  vent  line  above  the  top  of 
the  highest  fixture  on  each  floor,  the 
vent  line  shall  connect  to  main  vent 
line  above  the  top  of  the  highest  fix- 
ture in  the  building. 

In  the  case  of  batteries  of  water- 


closets  or  other  fixtures  the  special 
air  pipe  from  each  trap  may  be 
omitted,  provided  that  the  soil  or 
waste  pipe,  undiminished  in  size,  is 
continued  without  any  other  fixture 
connection  to  a point  above  the  roof, 
or  revented  into  the  main  soil  pipe 
system  above-  the  top  of  the  upper- 
most fixture. 

Drip  Pipes 

Sec.  276.  All  drip  or  overflow 
pipes  shall  be  extended  to  some  place 
in  open  sight,  and  in  no  case  shall 
such  pipe  be  connected  directly 
with  the  drain  pipe.  No  waste  pipe 
from  a refrigerator  or  other  recep- 
tacle in  which  provisions  are  stored 
shall  be  connected  with  a drain  or 
other  waste  pipe.  Refrigerator 
wastes  connecting  with  two  or  more 
stories  shall  be  supplied  with  a trap 
on  the  branch  for  each  floor. 

Water-Closet  Water  Supply 
Sec.  277.  Every  water-closet  or 
line  of  water-closets  shall  be  sup- 
plied with  water  from  a tank  or 
cistern,  and  shall  have  a flushing 
pipe  of  not  less  than  one  and  one- 
quarter  inches  in  diameter. 

Separate  Water-Closets — V entilated 
Sec.  278.  In  every  building  here- 
after erected,  there  shall  be  a sep- 
arate water-closet  for  each  tenement 
of  three  rooms  or  more,  and  at  least 

I "one  water-closet  for  every  two  tern 
ements  of  less  than  three  rooms, 
fifteen  persons  living,  occupying,  or 
.employed  therein;  said  water-closets 
shall  be  located  in  well  ventilated 
rooms  with  a suitable  window  open- 
ing into  the  outer  air,  or  with  a suit- 
able ventilating  shaft. 

Sec.  279.  Water-closets,  sinks,  or 
basins  shall  not  be  inclosed. 

Sec.  280.  Sinks  and  laundry-tubs 
shall  be  made  of  non-absorbent  ma- 
terial. 

Diameters  of  Soil  and  Waste  Pipe 
Sec.  281.  The  diameters  of  soil 
and  waste  pipes  shall  be  not  less 
than  those  given  in  the  following 
table: 

Inches 

Soil  pipes  4 

Main  waste  pipes,  except  as 
otherwise  specified 2 


Main  waste  pipes  for  kitchen 
sinks  on  four  or  more  floors  3 
Branch  waste  pipes  for  laundry 

tubs 1 Yz 

Branch  waste  for  kitchen  sinks  1 Yz 

Branch  waste  for  urinals lYz 

No  branch  waste  for  other  fix- 
tures shall  be  less  than  1 Yz 

With  the  approval  of  the  Building 
Inspector  a three  inch  soil  pipe  may 
be  used  for  one  water-closet  where 
it  is  not  practicable  to  use  a four- 
inch  pipe. 

Sec.  282.  Brass  ferrules  shall  be 
of  the  best  quality,  bell-shaped, 
extra  heavy  cast  brass,  not  less  than 
four  inches  long  and  two  and  one- 
quarter  inches,  three  and  one-half 
inches,  and  four  and  one-half  inches 
in  diameter,  and  of  not  less  than  the 
following  weights: 


Diameters  Weights 

2 Yz  inches 1 pound,  0 ounces 

3 Yz  inches 1 pound,  12  ounces 

4 Yz  inches 2 pounds,  8 ounces 


One  and  one-half  inch  ferrules 
shall  not  be  used. 

Soldering  Nipples 
Sec.  283.  Soldering  nipples  shall 
be  of  heavy  cast  brass  or  of  brass 
pipe,  iron  pipe  size.  If  cast,  they 
shall  be  of  not  less  than  the  follow- 


ing weights: 

1 Yz  inches .0  pound,  8 ounces 

2 inches 0 pound,  14  ounces 

2 Yz  inches 1 pound,  6 ounces 

4 inches 3 pounds,  8 ounces 


Clean-outs — Screw  Cap 

Sec.  284.  Where  clean-outs  are 
used,  the  screw  cap  shall  be  of  brass, 
extra  heavy,  and  not  less  than  one- 
eighth  of  an  inch  thick.  The  en- 
gaging parts  shall  have  not  less  than 
six  threads  of  iron  pipe  size,  and 
shall  be  tapered.  Clean-outs  shall 
be  of  full  size  of  trap  up  to  four 
inches  in  diameter,  and  not  less  than 
four  inches  for  larger  size. 

The  screw  cap  shall  have  a solid 
square  or  hexagonal  nut,  not  less 
than  one-half  inch  high,  with  a least 
diameter  of  one  and  one-half  inches. 
The  bodies  of  brass  clean-out  fer- 
rules shall  be  at  least  equal  in 
weight  and  thickness  to  the  calking 
ferrule  for  the  same  size  of  pipe. 


Use  of  Lead  Pipe 
Sec.  285.  The  use  of  lead  pipes 
is  restricted  to  short  branches  of  the 
soil  and  waste  pipes,  bends,  and 
traps,  and  roof  connections  of  inside 
leaders. 

Lead  Soil  and  Waste  Pipe 

Sec.  286.  Lead  soil  and  waste 
pipe  shall  not  be  less  than  the  fol- 
lowing average  thickness  and  weight 
per  linear  foot:  — 

Weight  per 


Diameter 

Thickness 

Linear  Foot 

1 Yz 

in. 

.14 

in. 

3.50 

pds. 

2 

in. 

.15 

in. 

4.75 

pds. 

2 Yz 

in. 

.20 

in. 

5.74 

pds. 

3 

in. 

.21 

in. 

7.54 

pds. 

3 Yz 

in. 

.22 

in. 

9.00 

pds. 

4 

in. 

.23 

in. 

10.66 

pds. 

4 Yz 

in. 

.24 

in. 

12.34 

pds. 

5 

in. 

.25 

in. 

14.50 

pds. 

6 

in. 

.28 

in. 

18.76 

pds. 

7 

in. 

.30 

in. 

23.27 

pds. 

8 

in. 

.32 

in. 

28.18 

pds. 

9 

in. 

.34 

in. 

33.70 

pds. 

10 

in. 

.36 

in. 

40.06- 

pds. 

11 

in. 

.37 

in. 

45.02 

pds. 

12 

in. 

.37 

in. 

49.98 

pds. 

Brass  Pipe 

Sec.  287.  Brass  pipe  for  soil, 
waste,  vent,  and  back  air  pipes  shall 
be'  thoroughly  annealed,  seamless, 
drawn  brass  tubing,  of  not  less  than 
No.  13  Stubbs  gauge. 

Pipe  Connections 

Sec.  288.  No  slip  joints  or  unions 
shall  be  used  on  traps,  waste,  vents, 
or  back  air  pipes.  Threaded  con- 
nections on  brass  traps  shall  be  of  the 
same  size  as  pipe  threads  for  the 
same  size  pipe,  and  shall  be  tapered. 
Connections  between  lead  and  iron 
shall  be  made  by  brass  sleeves'  or 
screw  nipples  wiped  to  the  load  and 
calked  or  screwed  into  the  iron,  ex- 
cept on  nickel  or  finished  metal 
fittings  where  exposed. 

Weights  of  Brass  Pipes 
Sec.  289.  The  following  average 
thicknesses  and  weights  for  brass 
pipe  per  linear  foot  shall  be  used: — - 
Weight  per 

Diameter  Thickness  Linear  Foot 
lYz  in.  .14  in.  2.84  pds. 

2 in.  .15  in.  3.82  pds. 

2 Yz  in.  .20  in.  6.08  pds. 


36 


3 

in. 

.21  in. 

7.92  pds. 

11 

in.  .37  in. 

45.02  pds. 

4 

in. 

.23  in. 

11.29  pds. 

12 

in.  .37  in. 

49.98  pds. 

4 y2 

in. 

.2  4 in. 

13.08  pds. 

Fittings 

5 

in. 

.25  in. 

15.37  pds. 

Sec.  294.  Fittings 

on  wrought 

6 

in. 

.28  in. 

19.88  pds. 

iron 

vent  pipes  shall 

be  galvanized 

Cast  Iron  Pipes 


recessed  cast  iron  threaded  fittings. 


Sec.  290.  Cast  iron  pipes  shall  bei  Fittings  for  “plumbers  tubing” 


uncoated,  sound,  cylindrical,  and 
smooth,  free  from  cracks  and  other 
defects,  of  uniform  thickness  and  of 
grades  known  to  commerce  as 
“standard”  and  “extra  heavy.”  If 
buried  under  ground,  they  shall  be 
coated  Avith  asphaltum  or  red  lead. 

Weights  of  Cast  Iron  Pipe 
Sec.  2 91.  Cast  iron  pipe,  includ- 
ing the  hub,  shall  weigh  not  less 
than  the  following  average  weights 
per  linear  foot: 

2 in 5 1-2  pounds 

3 in 9 1-2  pounds 

4 in /..13  pounds 

5 in 17  pounds 

6 in 20  pounds 

7 in.  (not  stock  size)  ...27  pounds 

8 in 33  1-3  pounds 

10  in 45  pounds 

12  in 54  pounds 

Joints 

Sec.  292.  All  joints  shall  be  made 
with  picked  oakum  and  molten  lead 
run  full,  and  be  made  gas  tight.  No 
cement  joints  or  connections  between 
iron  and  cement  or  tile  pipe  shall 
be  made  within  two  feet  of  any 
building. 

Galvanized  Wrought  Iron  Pipe 
Sec.  293.  Galvanized  wrought  iron 
pipe  shall  be  of  not  less  than  the 
following  thickness  and  weight  per 
linear  foot: 


shall  be  heavy  weight  with  sharp 
threads. 

Fittings  for  waste  or  soil  or  re- 
frigerator waste  pipes  of  wrought 
iron  or  brass  pipe  shall  be  galvanized 
wrought  iron,  cast  iron,  or  brass,  re- 
cessed and  threaded  drainage  fit- 
tings, with  smooth  interior  waterway 
and  threads  tapped,  so  as  to  give 
uniform  grade  to  branches  of  not 
less  than  one-quarter  of  an  inch  per 
foot.  | '■?§ 

All  joints  on  wrought  iron  or 
brass  pipe  shall  be  screwed  joints 
made  up  with  red  lead,  and  any  burr 
formed  in  cutting  shall  be  carefully 
reamed  out. 

Drain  and  Ventilating  Pipes 

Sec.  2 95.  Drain  and  connecting 

ventilating. pipes,  vents,  and  back  air 
pipes  shall  be  of  sufficient  size  and 
made  of  extra  heavy  cast  iron  pipe  if 
under  ground,  and  if  above  ground 
shall  be  made  of  extra  heavy  cast 
iron,  galvanized  wrought  iron  of 
standard  weight,  or  if  not  less  than 
No.  13  standard  gauge  brass  pipe 
within  the  building,  except  that  lead 
pipes  may  be  used  for  short  connec- 
tions- exposed  to  view.  Cast  iron 
drains  shall  extend  not  less  than  two 
feet^  from  the  outside  face  of  the 
wall,  beyond  and  away  from  the 
building. 

Drain  Pipes  » ported — Fall 


Diameter 

Thickness 

Weights  per 
Linear  Foot 

Sec.  296.  Drain  pipes  above 
ground  shall  be  secured  by  irons  to 

1% 

in. 

.14 

in. 

2.68 

pds. 

walls  suspended  from  floor  timbers 

2 

in. 

.15 

in. 

" 3.61 

pds. 

by  strong  iron  hangers,  or  supported 

2% 

in. 

.20 

in. 

5.74 

pds. 

on  brick,  stone,  or  concrete  piers. 

3 

in. 

.21 

in. 

7.54  .pds. 

Proper  man-holes  shall  be  supplied 

3y2 

in. 

.22 

in. 

9.00 

pds. 

to  reach  clean-outs  and  traps.  Every 

4 

in. 

.23 

in. 

10.66 

pds. 

drain  pipe  shall  have  a fall  of  not 

4y2 

in. 

.24 

in. 

12.34 

pds. 

less  than  one-quarter  inch  per  foot, 

5 

in. 

.25 

in. 

14.50 

pds. 

and  shall  be  extended  from  a point 

6 

in. 

.28 

in. 

18.76 

pds. 

two  feet  outside  the  outside  face  of 

7 

in. 

.30 

in. 

23.27 

pds. 

the  wall,  unobstructed,  to  and 

8 

in. 

.32 

in. 

28.18 

pds. 

through  the  roof,  undiminished  in 

9 

in. 

.34 

in. 

33.70 

pds. 

size,  and  to  a height  not  less  than 

10 

in. 

.36 

in. 

40.06 

pds. 

two  feet  above  the  roof,  and  not  less 

o7 


than  one  foot  above  the  top  of  any 
window  within  fifteen  feet,  and  not 
lees  than  eight  feet  above  the  roof, 
if  the  roof  is  used  for  drying  clothes 
or  as  a roof  garden. 

Drain  Pipe  Branches 
Sec.  297.  The  drain  pipe  shall  be 
supplietd  with  a “Y”  branch  fitted 
with  a brass  clean-out  or  with  an 
iron  stopper,  if  required,  on  the 
direct  run,  at  or  near  the  point 
where  the  drain  leaves  the  building. 
Changes  in  direction  shall  be  made 
with  curved  pipes,  and  all  connec- 
tions with  horizontal  or  vertical 
pipes  shall  be  made  with  “Y” 
branches.  Saddle  hubs  shall  not  he 
used. 

Blow-off  Tanks — Cooling  Tanks  For 
Steam  Pipes 

Sec.  298.  All  high  pressure  steam 
boilers  shall  be  connected  with  a 
blow-off  tank  of  a capacity  not  less 
than  thirty  per  cent,  of  the  largest 
boiler  connected  with  such  tank.  The 
location  of  and  the  connection  to 
said  blow-off  tank  shall  he  subject 
tNo  the  approval  of  the  Building  In- 
spector. 

No  steam  exhaust  or  steam  drip, 
unless  it  be  provided  with  a cooling 
tank  of  a capacity  approved  by  the 
Building  Inspector,  or  unless  it 
be  connected  with  the  blow-off 
tank,  shall  connect  with  any  drain 
leading  to  the  sewer.  Every  blow- 
off  tank  shall  be  supplied  with  i 
vapor  pipe  not  less  than  two  inches 
in  diameter,  which  shall  be  carried 
above  the  roof  and  above  the  highest 
windows  of  the  building. 

Grease  Trap — Traps  For  Inflamma- 
ble Materials — Traps  For  Vehicle 
Washstamls 

Sec.  299.  Every  building  from 
which  grease  may  be  discharged  in 
such  quantity  as  to  clog  or  injure 
the  sewer,  shall  have  a special  grease 

trap. 

Every  building  in  which  gasoline, 
naphtha,  or  other  inflammable  com 
pounds  are  used  for  business  pur 
■poses,  shall  be  provided  with  a 
special  trap,  so  designed  as  to  pre- 
vent the  passage  of  such  materia’ 
into  the  sewer,  and  ventilated  with  a 
separate  pipe  rising  to  a point  four 


feet  above  the  roof. 

The  waste  pipe  of  every  wash 
stand  for  vehicles  shall  he  provided 
with  a sand  trap  of  sufficient  capac- 
ity. 

Waste  Pipes  to  Have  Grease  Traps 
When 

Sec.  300.  The  waste  pipe  from 
the  sink  of  every  hotel,  eating  house, 
restaurant,  or  other  public  cooking 
establishment,  shall  be  connected  to 
a grease  trap  of  sufficient  size,  easily 
accessible  to  open  and  clean,  placed 
as  near  as  practicable  to  the  fixture 
that  it  serves. 

Rain  Water  Leaders 

Sec.  301.  Rain  water  leaders 
which  open  near  windows  or  for 
verandas  or  lower  stories  of  build- 
ings shall  be  trapped,  where  con- 
nected with  sewer  or  cesspool. 

Sec.  3 02.  Rain  water  leaders 
within  any  building  shall  not  be  con- 
nected with  any  waste  or  soil  pipe 
except  below  the  lowest  fixture  and 
on  a full  “Y.” 

Back  Water  Valves. 

Sec.  303.  Wherever  a surface 
drain  is  installed  in  a cellar  or  base- 
ment, it  shall  be  provided  with  a 
deep  seal  trap  and  back  water  valv*. 
Drain  pipes  from  fixtures  in  cellars 
and  basements  liable  to  back  flow 
from  a sewer,  shall  he  supplied  wiL: 
tack  water  valves. 

Rain  Water  Leaders  on  All  Buildings 

Sec.  304.  All  buildings  shall  be 
kept  provided  with  proper  metallic 
leaders  for  conducting  water  from 
the  roofs  in  such  manner  as  shall 
properly  protect  the  walls  and 
foundations  of. said  buildings.  In 
no  case  shall  the  water  from  said 
leaders  be  allowed  to  flow  upon  the 
sidewalk,  but  the  same  shall  be  con- 
ducted 'by  pipes  to  the  sewer. 

If  there  should  be  no  sewer  in 
the  street  upon  which  said  building 
fronts,  then  water  from  such  leaders 
may  be  conducted  by  suitable  pipes 
below  the  surface  of  the  sidewalk  to 
the  street  gutter. 

In  no  case  shall  it  be  allowable 
for  the  drop  from  roofs  or  buildings 
to  flow  or  be  conducted  upon  public 
sidewalks  and  no  leader  whose  upper 
inlec  is  -below  the  main  roof  shall  be 


58 


connected  with  the  sewer. 

Special  Fixtures 

Sec*  305.  When  special  fixtures 
or  traps  are  required  that  do  not 
conform  to  the  provisions  of  this 
Code,  the  Building  Inspector  may,  at 
his  discretion,  grant  such  privileges 
as  he  may  deem  proper. 

Gas  Fittings— Gas  Mains  and  Meters 
Sec.  3 06.  All  gas  mains  entering 
any  building  shall  be  thoroughly 
cemented  into  the  wall  and  shall 
have  a shut-off  near  the  curb  line. 
Gas  meters  shall  not  be  placed  un- 
derneath any  stairway  or  in  any 
clothes  or  storage  closet,  or  in  the 
dead  space  beneath  the  floors  undei 
show  windows,  or  in  room  or  hall 
for  lodging  purposes,  and  when  lo- 
cated in  any  cellar  or  basement  such 
location  shall  not  be  in  any  fuel  or 
furnace  room,  but  they  shall  be 
placed  close  to  the  front  wall,  at 
least  four  (4)  feet  above  the  floor 
and  as  near  a window  as  possible 
with  an  unobstructed  passageway 
leading  thereto. 

Burners  and  Fires 
Sec.  307.  The  term  “burner” 
shall  apply  to  any  single  gas  outlet 
consuming  not  less  than  six  (6)  or 
more  than  ten  (10)  cubic  feet  per 
hour,  and  the  term  “fire”  to  any  sin- 
gle outlet  consuming  from  fifty  (50) 
to  and  not  exceeding  seventy-five 
(75)  cubic  feet  per  hour. 

Sizes  of  Pip© 

iSec.  308.  The  size  of  pipe  used 
for  illuminating  purposes  shall  not 
be  less,  nor  the  length  greater,  to  the 
number  of  burners  stated  than  those 
specified  in  the  following  table,  ex- 
cept that  if  the  number  of  burners 
is  not  more  than  half  the  stated 
maximum,  the  length  of  run  may  be 
increased  one-half. 


Greatest 

Greatest 

Size 

Length 

No.  of 

of  Pipe. 

Allowed. 

Burners. 

% 

inch. . . 

. . . 10 

feet 

2 

y2 

inch. . . 

. . . 30 

feet 

6 

% 

inch. . . 

. . . 60 

feet 

20 

i 

inch. . . 

. . . 80 

feet 

35 

1 Y* 

inch.  . . 

. . .120 

feet 

60 

i y2 

inch. . . 

. . .160 

feet 

100 

2 

inch. . . 

. . .200 

feet 

200 

2y2 

inch . . . 

. . .300 

feet 

300 

3 inch 450  feet  450 

4 inch 600  feet  750 


But  no  riser  from  a meter  shall  be 
less  than  a three-quarter  ( % ) inch 
pipe. 

In  applying  the  above  table,  the 
number  of  burners  to  outlets  in  va- 
rious locations  shall  be  estimated  as 
follows: 

Parlor  ceiling  outlet.  ...  4 burners 
Dining  room  ceiling  outlet  4 burners 
Bedroom  ceiling  outlet.  . 3 burners 
Kitchen  ceiling  outlet.  . . 1 burner 
Bracket  and  newel  post 

outlets  l burneT‘ 

Hall,  pantry,  washroom 
and  bath  room  ceiling 

outlets  v . . 1 burner 

An  outlet  for  a gas  range  or  water 
heater  or  a gas  log  or  grate  shall  be 
counted  as  equivalent  to  and  not  less 
than  six  (6)  burners  and  all  heaters 
shall  have  a valve  on  the  service 
pipe. 

Smaller  pipe  than  half-inch  (%) 
shall  not  be  used  for  kitchen  outlets 
in  ceilings. 

Quality  of  Pipe 

Sec.  309.  The  pipe  shall  be  of 
the  best  quality  of  wrought  iron  or 
steel  pipe,  with  galvanized  malleable 
iron  fittings,  and  joints  shall  be 
made  with  white  lead,  preferably 
applied  to  the  male  threads. 

No  second-hand  pipe  shall  be  used, 
except  that  when  a building  is  un- 
dergoing reconstruction  or  repair 
such  gas  pipe  as  is  taken  out  and 
found  in  good  condition  may  be  re- 
run. 

Supports  and  Grades 
Sec.  310.  All  pipes  shall  be  suit- 
ably supported  and  stayed  with  pipe 
hooks,  straps  and  screws. 

All  pipes  shall  be  properly  graded, 
and,  if  practicable,  toward  the 
meter.  \A  bracket  outlet  shall  pre- 
ferably be  run  as  a riser  than  as  a 
drop.  No  gas  pipe  shall  be  laid  in 
cement,  unless  the  pipe  and  channel 
in  which  it  is  placed  are  covered  with 
tar,  nor  within  six  (6)  inches  of  an 
electric  wire. 

Risers 

Sec.  311.  The  rising  line  of  pipes 
in  all  buildings  shall  be  carried  up 
on  an  inside  partition  out  of  the 


39 

reach  of  frost  and  shall  be  placed 
where  the  stop-cock  can  be  readily 
got  at.  In  buildings  of  large,  undi- 
vided floor  spaces  the  risers  shall  be 
run  exposed  at  least  six  (6)  feet  dis- 
tant from  any  window. 

Drops  or  Outlets 

Sec.  312.  Drops  or  outlets  shall 
»ot  be  left  more  than  three-quarters 
( % ) of  an  inch  below  plastering, 
centre-piece,  or  woodwork. 

Stop-Pins 

Sec.  313.  All  stop^pins  to  keys  or 
cocks  or  fixtures  shall  be  screwed 
or  pinned  into  place. 

Capping  and  Inspection 

Sec.  314.  After  the  piping  Is  run 
all  openings  shall  be  closed  with 
iron  caps  and  in  no  case  shall  lead 
raps  be  allowed^  and  all  unused  out- 
lets shall  be  kept  Gapped.  All  split 
pipe  or  defective  -fittings  shall  be  re- 
moved and  no  pipe  or  defective  fitting 
repaired  with  cement  or  lead  will  be 
allowed.  No  gas-fitters’  cement  shall 
be  used  except  at  a fixture  joint.  All 
pipes  shall  be  examined  and  tested 
before  said  pipes  are  concealed,  and 
due  notice  shall  be  given  by  the  fitter 
to  the  Inspector  when  any  pipe  is 
ready  for  inspection. 

Tests 

Sec.  315.  The  gas  piping  in  any 
building  shall  be  tested  air-tight  by 
the  gaa  fitter  under  the  direction  of 
the  Inspector.,  viz:  First,  when 
roughing  in  is  completed  and  before 
the  floors  are  laid;  and,  second, 
when  the  entire  building  is  com- 
pleted and  the  work  ready  for  gas 
fixtures.  Said  tests  shall  be  made  by 
having  all  openings  closed  and  sub- 
jecting the  piping  to  an  air  pressure 
test  that  will  support  a column 
©f  mercury  two  (2)  inches  in 
height  at  least  fifteen  (15)  minutes, 
provided  that  in  no  case  shall  a 
spring  or  steam  gauge  be  used. 

There  shall  be  a final  test  of  all 
fixtures  and  pipes  by  two  (2)  inches 
of  mercury,  which  must  stand  five 
(5)  minutes;  this  test  to  be  made 
ia  the  presence  of  the  Inspector. 

On  proof  of  a satisfactory  test  the 
Inspector  shall  issue  a certificate  of 
inspection  to  the  fitter,  covering  said 
work. 


Gas  Brackets 

Sec.  316.  All  gas  brackets  shall 
be  placed  at  least  two  feet  six  inches  i 
below  any  ceiling  or  woodwork  un- 
less the  same  is  properly  protected 
by  a shield,  in  which  case  the  dis- 
tance shall  not  be  less  than  eighteen 
(18)  inches.  No  swinging  or  folding 
gas  -bracket  shall  be  placed  against 
any  stud  partition  or  woodwork.  No 
gas  bracket  on  any  lath  and  plaster 
partition  or  woodwork  shall  be  less 
than  five  (5)  inches  in  length,  meas- 
ured from  the  burner  to  the  plaster 
surface  or  woodwork,  and  shall  be 
at  least  nine  inches  from  any  door 
or  window  casing.  No  outlet  shah 
be  placed  behind  any  door  or  within 
four  (4)  feet  of  any  meter. 

Hose  Outlets 

Sec.  317.  No  independent  connec- 
! tion  for  a hose  outlet  shall  be  placed 
above  the  stiff  joint  on  any  chande- 
lier or  pendant,  but  such  connection 
shall  be  brought  id-own  to  an  accessi- 
ble point. 

Extensions  or  Alterations 

Sec.  318.  Where  any  material  ex- 
tensions or  alterations  are  to  be 
made  the  work  shall  be  done  in  con- 
formity to  the  provisions  of  this 
Title.. 

Condemnation  and  Removal 

Sec.  319.  The  Inspector  shall 
promptly  condemn  and  order  the  re- 
moval, reconstruction  or  repair  of 
any  system  of  gas  piping  or  portion 
thereof,  which  does  not  conform  to. 
these  regulations.  He  shall  order 
the  necessary  repairs  to  be  made 
when  defects  are  found  in  any  old 
system  of  gas  piping  or  fixtures  con- 
nected therewith,  and  such  repairs 
shall  be  promptly  made  by  the  re- 
sponsible party  upon  service  of 
order  or  notice. 

Electrical  Work — Electrical  Wiring 

Sec.  320.  No  electrical  wiring  or 
installation  of  electrical  apparatus 
or  appliances  for  furnishing  light, 
heat,  or  power  shall  be  introduced 
into  or  placed  in  any  building  or 
structure  in  the  Town  of  Milford, 
except  in  compliance  with  the  rules 
and  regulations  of  the  National 
Board  of  Fire  Underwriters,  known 
as  the  “National  Electrical  Code,” 


40 


and  the  said  rules  and  regulations 
are  hereby  made  a part  of  the  re- 
quirements of  this  Code.  The  instal- 
lation of  all  such  electrical  work  shall 
be  subject  to  the  approval  of  the 
Building  Inspector. 

Knob  and  tube  work  prohibited. 

CHAPTER  XV. 

HOISTWAYS,  ELEVATORS,  AND 
WELL  HOLES. 

Well  Holes,  etc.,  to  be  Guarded 
Sec.  321.  Every  hoistway,  hatch- 
way, stairway,  or  well  hole  in  every 
building  shall  hereafter  be  securely 
guarded  by  means  of  proper  gates, 
railings,  or  guards,  or  other  inclos- 
ures, which  may  be  approved  by  the 
Building  Inspector.  Such  guards  or 
railings  shall  not  be  less  than  three 
feet  in  height  nor  the  lower  rail 
more  than  one  foot  above  the  floor, 
and  shall  be  so  constructed  as  to, 
effectually  prevent  persons  from  fall- 
ing into  such  hoistways,  hatchways, 
stairways,  or  well  holes.  The  own- 
ers, lessees,  or  occupants  of  any 
building  in  the  Town  of  Milford  in 
which  hatchways  or  well  holes  exist, 
or  shall  hereafter  be  constructed, 
shall  cause  the  same  to  be  effectually  , 
barred,  or  inclosed,  for  the  preven- 
tion of  accidents  therefrom. 

It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Build- 
ing Inspector  to  notify  such  persons 
mentioned  in  the  preceding  section 
who  have  hatchways  or  well  holes  in 
their  buildings,  to  have  the  same 
properly  guarded  or  inclosed. 

Openings  in  Fireproof  Walls 
Sec.  32  2.  In  every  building  here- 
after erected  or  altered  to  be  used 
for  manufacturing  or  mercantile  pur- 
poses, in  V/hich  there  shall  be  hoist- 
ways, elevators,  or  well  holes,  not  in- 
closed in  walls,  constructed  of  brick 
or  other  fireproof  material  and  pro- 
vided with  fire  doors,  the  openings 
thereof  through  and  upon  each  floor 
of  said  buildings  shall  be  provided 
with  approved  automatically  closing, 
metal  clad,  hatch  doors  for  every 
such  hoistway,  elevator  or  well  hole. 
Outside  windows  or  openings  into  ev- 
ery elevator  shaft  or  hoistway  shall 
have  such  sign  or  device  to  indicate 
the  existence  of  said  shaft  or  hoist- 


way as  shall  be  approved  by  the 
Building  Inspector. 

Elevator  Shafts  Inclosed 

Sec.  323.  Elevator  shafts  in  all 
mercantile  and  manufacturing  build- 
ings, exceeding  three  stories  in 
height,  hereafter  built  or  altered, 
shall  be  inclosed  with  walls  or  par- 
titions of  approved  fireproof  mater- 
ial, and  have  automatically  closing 
metal  clad  doors  at  ali  openings 
thereto. 

Adjoining  Stairway  Inclosed 

Sec.  324.  In  all  buildings  here- 
after erected  or  altered,  wherever 
elevators  are  placed  in  the  well  holes 
of  or  adjacent  to  stairways,  such 
elevators  and  stairways  shall  be  in- 
closed with  partitions  of  approved 
fireproof  materials. 

Grating  in  Elevator 

Sec.  325.  There  shall  be  placed  be- 
low the  machinery  and  sheaves  at 
the  top  of  every  elevator  shaft,  here- 
after constructed  or  altered,  a sub- 
stantial grating  or  screen  of  iron,  so 
constructed  as  to  prevent  persons  or 
objects  from  falling  into  such  shafts, 
and  sufficiently  open  to  permit  flames 
and  smoke  to  pass  through  to  the 
skylight  or  windows.  If  such  shaft 
shall  be  floored  over  with  a solid 
flooring,  such  flooring  shall  not  cover 
more  than  one-half  of  the  area  of 
such  shaft,  and  at  least  one-half  of 
the  area  of  such  shaft  shall  be  cov- 
ered with  an  approved  open  grating. 

Skylights 

Sec.  326.  In  all  buildings  here- 
after erected  or  altered,  the  roof  im- 
mediately over  hoistway,  elevator 
stair,  open  shaft  or  well  hole,  shall 
be  provided  with  a skylight  contain- 
ing not  less  than  twenty  square  feet 
of  glass;  said  glass  shall  be  set  in 
metal  sashes  or  frames,  in  lights  of 
not  less  than  two  hundred  square 
inches  each,  and  shall  not  exceed 
one-eighth  inch  in  thickness.  There 
shall  be  suspended  immediately  be- 
low this  glass  a strong  wire,  netting. 
Provided,  that  if  in  the  sides  of  an 
elevator  pent  house,  or  at  the  top 
of  any  such  shaft  or  well  hole,  there 
be  windows  having  thirty-five  square 
feet  of  glass  of  the  thickness  herein 
specified  for  skylights,  then  the 


41 


Building  Inspector  may,  at  his  dis- 
cretion, permit  the  skylights  above 
described  to  be  omitted. 

CHAPTER  XVI. 

STAIRWAYS  AND  DOORS. 

Stair  Halls — Number — Width — 
Location 

Sec.  327.  All  non-fireproof  build- 
ings, in  which,  above  the  first  floor 
there  is  to  be,  or  in  which  provision 
is  made  for  an  occupation  for  the 
same  at  times  by  fifty  to  one  hundred 
or  more  persons  employed,  engaged, 
transient,  or  guests  therein,  there 
shall  be  at  least  two  stair  halls,  each 
not  less  than  three  feet  six  inches 
wide. 

The  width  of  the  stairs  shall  be 
increased  six  inches  for  each  incre- 
ment of  fifty  persons  or  part  thereof 
over  one  hundred,  up  to  three  hun- 
dred, or  when  five  feet  is  reached.  If 
the  number  of  persons  so  occupying 
tuch  premises  exceed  six  hundred, 
three  stairs,  five  feet  in  width  each, 
shall  be  constructed. 

In  all  cases,  the  stairs  shall  be 
located  at  as  great  a distance  as 
practicable  from  each  other,  and  in 
cases  where  the  persons  so  occupying 
such  buildings  are  not  all  on  one 
floor,  the  widths  and  number  of 
stairways  in  the  several  stories  shall 
be  governed  as  above  by  the  total 
number  of  persons  who  will  at  any 
time  be  on  any  floor.  All  persons 
above  any  given  story  shall  be 
counted  in  addition  to  the  persons 
on  that  story. 

Lot  Area — Stairs  Required 

Sec.  328.  Irrespective  of  the 
number  of  persons  occupying  public 
buildings  foroiag  a lot  area  exceed- 
ing five  thousand  square  feet,  and 
not  exceeding  seventy-five  hundred 
square  feet,  there  shall  be  provided 
at  least  two  continuous  lines  of 
stairs,  and  every  such  building  shall 
have  at  least  one  continuous  line 
of  stairs,  for  each  five  thousand 
square  feet  of  lot  area  covered  or 
part  thereof,  in  excess  of  that  re- 
quired or  seventy-five  hundred  square 
feet  of  lot  area. 

When  any  such  building  covers  an 
area  of  lot  greater  than  fifteen  thou- 


sand square  feet  the  number  of 
stairs  shall  be  increased  proportion- 
ately. For  fireproof  buildings,  one 
less  flight  of  stairs  than  above  called 
for  shall  be  required  in  each  case, 
unless  the  floor  area  exceeds  seventy- 
five  hundred  square  feet,  in  which 
case  there  shall  not  be  less  than  two 
stairs. 

Stairs  in  Tenement  Houses — Width 

Sec.  329.  Every  tenement  or 
building,  occupied  by  three  or  more 
families,  and  every  two  family  dwell- 
ing constructed  in  flats  which  has 
rooms  used  or  intended  to  be  used 
as  sleeping  rooms  on  the  attic  floor, 
shall  have  at  least  two  flights  of 
stairs,  not  less  than  three  feet  wide 
in  the  clear,  which  shall  extend 
from  the  entrance  floor  to  the  top 
story,  and  every  apartment  shall  be 
directly  accessible  from  an  entrance 
hall  by  means  of  at  least  one  such 
flight  of  stairs,  said  stairs  not  to  con- 
tain winders. 

If  there  • are  more  than  sixteen 
rooms  above  the  second  floor,  exclu- 
sive of  bath  and  toilet  rooms,  the 
width  of  the  hallways  and  stairs 
he  increased  six  inches  for  every  ad- 
ditional sixteen  rooms  or  fraction 
thereof,  up  to  eight  rooms,  or  until 
the  width  of  five  feet  is  reached. 

A wooden  door  shall  be  provided  in 
the  partition  separating  apartments 
on  the  attic  floor  of  two  family 
dwellings  constructed  in  flats. 
Stairways  in  School  Buildings 

School  buildings,  if  more  than  one 
story  in  height  and  having  more 
than  three  rooms  above  the  first 
story,  shall  have  at  least  two  sepa- 
rate and  distinct  stairways,  as  far 
remote  from  each  other  as  practic- 
able. School  buildings  or  all  build- 
ings containing  a general  assembly 
room,  shall  have  stairs  and  fire  es- 
capes proportioned  as  prescribed 
for  Assembly  Halls. 

Assembly  Halls  — Stairs  — Width 

Eire  Escapes — Metal  Stairs 

Sec.  331.  Every  hall  seating  three 
hundred  persons  and  not  more  than 
six  hundred  persons,  shall  hare  at 
least  two  separate  and  distinct  stair- 
ways for  ingress  and  egress,  the 


I 


same  to  be  placed  as  far  apart  as 
possible. 

Every  hall  seating  more  than  six 
hundred  persons  and  not  more  than 
twelve  hundred  persons,  shall  have 
at  least  three  separate  and  distinct 
stairways. 

All  stairs  for  ingress  and  egress 
leading  to  any  assembly  hall  or  halls, 
shall  be  at  least  four  feet  wide  and 
provided  with  hand  rail  on  each  side. 
The  rise  of  the  stairs  shall  not  be 
more  than  seven  and  one-half  inches 
to  each  step  and  the  tread  not  less 
than  ten  and  one-half  inches. 

In  addition  to  the  above  described 
stairway,  assembly  halls  shall  be 
provided  with  fire  escapes  as  pro- 
vided by  law,  provided  that  in  as- 
sembly halls  having  a greater  seating 
capacity  than  seven  hundred  and 
fifty  the  aggregate  width  of  such 
emergency  exits  which  shall  be  pro- 
vided for  each  floor,  balcony  and 
gallery  of  such  building,  shall  be 
one-half  of  that  provided  for  the 
main  exits,  and  no  emergency  exit, 
door  or  stairway  shall  be  less  than 
three  feet  in  width. 

All  metal  stairs  shall  have  the 
treads  and  landings  supported  the 
whole  width  and  length  of  same  on 
sheet  metal  of  sufficient  strength  to 
sustain  the  imposed  load  required. 

Width  of  Outside  Doors 

Sec.  332.  The  aggregate  width  of 
doors  opening  at  the  street  level, 
for  halls  rented  or  used  for  public 
assemblies  of  any  kind,  for  school 
houses,  orphan  asylums,  insane  asy- 
lums, reformatories  of  any  kind, 
shall  be  at  least  equal  to  the  aggre- 
gate width  of  stairways;  extra  width 
shall  be  added  to  accommodate  oc- 
cupants of  first  floor,  and  such  doors 
shall  not  be  locked  during  business 
hours,  or  while  such  buildings  are 
occupied  by  large  numbers  of  people, 
and  all  such  doors  shall  open  out- 
wardly. 

Doors  Open  Outward 

Sec.  333.  The  outside  doors  of 

Public  hearing1  January  24,  1918. 

Approved  and  Adopted  by  Board  c 

Signed : 


all  assembly  halls,  theatres, 
churches,  factories,  and  other  build- 
ings occupied  by  large  number  of 
people  shall  be  made  to  open  out- 
ward. 

CHAPTER  XVII. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

Board  Acts  on  Matters  Not  in  Code 

Sec.  334.  All  matters  and  ques- 
tions relating  to  building  or  building 
operations  not  covered  or  provided 
for  in  this  Code  shall  be  decided  by 
and  left  to  the  discretion  of  the 
Board  of  Selectmen  and  their  deci- 
sion shall  be  as  final  and  binding  as 
if  contained  in  this  Code. 

Appeal — Board  of  Appeal 

Sec.  335.  Whenever  any  person, 
persons,  firm,  or  corporation  consid- 
ers himself  aggrieved  by  any  ruling, 
decision,  or  order  of  the  Board  of 
Selectmen  relative  to  any  matter 
concerning  buildings  or  building  op- 
erations in  the  Town  of  Milford,  or 
any  matter  over  which  the  Board  of 
Selectmen  has  authority,  he  shall 
have  the  right  to  appeal  to  a board 
of  arbitration,  provided  the  party  so 
appealing  executes  with  a responsible 
surety  a proper  bond  conditioned  to 
pay  all  expenses  incident  to  such  ap- 
peal. 

The  said  Board  shall  consist  of 
three  persons,  one  of  whom  shall  be 
selected  by  the  Board  of  Selectmen, 
one  by  the  party  appealing,  and  the 
other  by  the  two  members  thus  se- 
lected. 

The  decision  of  said  Board  on  any 
matter  brought  before  it  shall  be 
final. 

Penalty 

Sec.  336.  Every  person,  persons, 
firm,  or  corporation,  violating  any  of 
the  provisions  of  this  Code,  where 
the  penalty  is  not  otherwise  pre- 
scribed, shall  be  fined  not  more  than 
Fifty  Dollars  upon  conviction  for 
each  violation. 

Sec.  3 37.  This  ordinance  shall 
take  effect  upon  its  adoption  and  ap- 
proval. 

f Selectmen,  January  30,  1918. 

Manley  J.  Cheney  ) Selectmen  of 
Bobert  A.  Syrett  > the  Town  of 
William  F.  Renaud  ) Milford 


I 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS 


Chapter  I Administration  and  Supervision 2 

Chapter  II.  Definitions 5 

Chapter  III.  Quality  of  Materials ✓..  8 

Chapter  IV.  Calculation  of  Stresses 10 

Chapter  Y.  Excavations * 12 

Chapter  VI.  Foundations  and  Footings , 13 

Chapter  VII.  Walls,  Piers  and  Partitions 15 

Chapter  VIII.  Boilers,  Ovens  and  Heating  Apparatus 21' 

Chapter  IX.  Stove  and  Smoke  Pipes 23 

Chapter  X.  Chimneys,  Flues  and  Fireplaces 25 

Chapter  XI.  Frame  Buildings 20 

Chapter  XII.  Public  Buildings,  Theatres  and  Places  of  Assemblage 29 

Chapter  XIII.  Concrete  Blocks 30 

Chapter  XIV.  Plumbing 32 

Chapter  XV.  Hoistways,  Elevators  and  Well  Holes 40 

Chapter  XVI.  Stairways  and  Doors 41 

Chapter  XVII.  Miscellaneous 42 


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